Heirs of the Fisherman

Updated list of Electors

Under the provisions of the apostolic constitution Universi Dominici gregis, promulgated by Pope John Paul II on February 22, 1996, "The right to elect the Roman Pontiff belongs exclusively to the Cardinals of Holy Roman Church, with the exception of those who have reached their eightieth birthday before the day of the Roman Pontiff's death or the day when the Apostolic See becomes vacant" (n. 33). During the consistory of October 21, 2003, Pope John Paul II also announced the creation of a cardinal "in pectore," that is, one whose name has not been revealed. It is not known if this prelate is of an age where he would be eligible to vote should his name be published before the death of the pontiff. Hence, as of March 18, 2005, there are presently 117 potential electors.

The following are brief biographical sketches of the cardinal electors. For more details on the possible roles that individual cardinals might play"both as electors and, possibly, as papabili"in the next conclave, see my book Heirs of the Fisherman: Behind the Scenes of Papal Death and Succession (Oxford University Press, 2004).

Agnelo, Geraldo Majella (born October 19, 1933), cardinal bishop of San Gregorio Magno alla Magliana Nuova, Archbishop of São Salvador da Bahia. Born in Juiz de Fora, he studied at the minor seminary in that town and the Central Seminary of Ipiranga in São Paulo, before being ordained a priest in 1957 in São Paulo. After ordination, he held a variety of pastoral and teaching appointments before be sent to Rome for further studies in 1967. After earning a doctorate in sacred liturgy at the Liturgical Institute of the Pontifical Athenaeum of Sant'Anselmo in 1969, Agnelo returned to Brazil where he became a professor and later director of the Theological Faculty of "Nossa Senhora da Assunção" in São Paulo. Appointed bishop of Toledo by Pope Paul VI in 1978, he was promoted to the archbishopric of Londrina by Pope John Paul II in 1982. In 1991, he was called to Rome to serve as secretary of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments. In 1999, he returned to Brazil to assume the primatial see of São Salvador da Bahia. He was created a cardinal by John Paul II in 2001. In 2003, he was elected by his confreres to a four-year term as president of the Brazilian Episcopal Conference.

Agré, Bernard (born March 2, 1926), cardinal priest of San Giovanni Crisostomo a Monte Sacro Alto, Archbishop of Abidjan. Born in Monga, a village near Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, Agré was baptized at the age of six. He was ordained a priest in 1953 after studies in the seminary of Quidah, Dahomey (now Benin). After several years as a parochial vicar, schoolmaster, and rector of a pre-seminary program, he was sent to further studies in Rome, where he earned a doctorate in theology from the Pontifical Urban Athenaeum of the Propaganda Fide in 1960. Returning to his country, he was successively the pastor of a large parish and vicar general of the archdiocese of Abidjan. He was appointed bishop of Man by Pope Paul VI in 1968. From 1985-1991, he served as president of the Catholic Bishops Conference of West Africa. Transferred by Pope John Paul II to the diocese of Yamoussoukro, where Ivorian President Félix Houphouët-Boigny had built his full-sized copy of the Vatican basilica, in 1992, he was promoted to the metropolitan see of Abidjan two years later. He was created a cardinal by John Paul II in 2001.

Álvarez Martínez, Francisco (born July 14, 1925), cardinal priest of Santa Maria "Regina Pacis" a Monte Verde, Archbishop Emeritus of Toledo. Born in Llanera, near Oviedo, Spain, Álvarez Martínez studied at the seminary of Oviedo and the Pontifical Universities of Salamanca and Comillas, earning a doctorate in canon law. Ordained a priest in 1950, he successively did pastoral work, served as private secretary to the archbishop, diocesan chancellor, and pro-vicar general. Appointed bishop of Tarazona by Pope Paul VI in 1973, he was transferred to the see of Calahora y La Calzada-Logroño four years later. In 1989, Pope John Paul II transferred him from there to the bishopric of Orihuela-Alicante, before promoting him the primatial see of Toledo as archbishop in 1995. He was created a cardinal by John Paul II in 2001, but, having reached the retirement age for bishops, resigned the pastoral governance of Toleda a year later.

Ambrozic, Aloysius Matthew (born January 27, 1930), cardinal priest of Santi Marcellino e Pietro, Archbishop of Toronto. Born in Gabrje, Slovenia, the second of seven children, Ambrozic attended elementary and secondary schools in his native country before his family fled to Austria in 1945. He completed his secondary education in a camp for displaced persons. In 1948 the family immigrated to Canada and settled near Toront, where Ambrozic entered St. Augustine's Seminary to study philosophy and theology. In 1955, he was ordained a priest of the Archdiocese of Toronto. After several years as a curate and a year as a seminary Latin instructor, he was sent to postgraduate studies in Rome, where he received a Licentiate in Theology at the Pontifical Athenaeum of St. Thomas Aquinas and a Licentiate in Sacred Scripture at the Pontifical Biblical Institute. Returning to Toronto, he taught scripture at St. Augustine's Seminary from 1960-67. In 1967 he began further studies in Germany, obtaining a Doctorate in Theology from the University of Würzburg in 1970. From 1970-76 he was professor of New Testament exegesis at the Toronto School of Theology, serving also as Dean of Studies at St. Augustine's Seminary from 1971-76. Appointed auxiliary bishop of Toronto by Pope Paul VI in 1976, he was promoted to coadjutor archbishop with the right of succession by Pope John Paul II a decade later. Succeeding to the see in 1990, he was created a cardinal by John Paul II in 1998.

Amigo Vallejo, Carlos (born August 23, 1934), cardinal priest of Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli, Archbishop of Seville. Born in Medina de Rioseco, near Valladolid, Amigo Vallejo abandoned his medical studies to join the Order of Friars Minor (the Franciscans) and was ordained a priest in 1960. In 1970, he was elected minister provincial of his religious order's Province of Santiago. In late 1973, he was appointed archbishop of Tanger, Morocco, and ordained to the episcopate the following year. During his tenure in Morocco, he helped to pave the way for the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Holy See and the Kingdom of Morocco and helped to mediate conflicts between the countries of the Maghreb and Spain. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Sevilla by Pope John Paul II in 1982, he was created a cardinal by the same pontiff in 2003.

Antonelli, Ennio (born November 18, 1936), cardinal priest of Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Archbishop of Florence. Born in Todi, he studied at the seminary of Todi, the Pontifical Regional Seminary of Assisi, the Pontifical Roman Major Seminary, the Pontifical Lateran University (where he earned a licentiate in theology), and the State University of Perugia (where he earned a doctorate in philosophy and letters). Ordained a priest in 1960, he served successively as a seminary professor, vice-rector, and rector, before being appointed bishop of Gubbio by Pope John Paul II in 1982. Promoted to the archbishopric of Perugia-Città della Pieve in 1988, he resigned the see in 1995 to serve as secretary-general of the Italian Episcopal Conference in 1995. He was transferred to the metropolitan see of Florence in 2001 and created a cardinal two years later by John Paul II.

Arinze, Francis (born November 1, 1932), cardinal priest of San Giovanni della Pigna, Prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments. Born in Eziowelle, Nigeria, Arinze studied at the seminaries of Nuewi and Enugu, before being sent to further studies at the Pontifical Urbanian University in Rome. Ordained a priest in 1958, he earned a doctorate with his pioneering dissertation, Ibo Sacrifice as an Introduction to the Catechesis of Holy Mass. Returning to Nigeria, he served successively as a professor at the seminary in Enugu and secretary for Catholic Education in western Nigeria. He later published a study of his experience of this period under the title Partnership in Education between Church and State in Nigeria. After further studies at the University of London in 1963-1964, he was appointed auxiliary bishop of his native archdiocese of Onitsha in 1965. He became archbishop in 1967. Called to Rome by Pope John Paul II in 1984, he was appointed pro-president of the Secretariat for Non-Christians. In 1985, he was created a cardinal and became president of the Secretariat for Non-Christians. In 1988, his dicastery was renamed the Pontifical Council for Inter-religious Dialogue. In 2002, he was transferred to the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments as prefect. On March 12, 2005, John Paul appointed Arinze one of the three president-delegates (along with Cardinals Juan Sandoval Íñiguez and Telesphore Placidus Toppo) of the 11th ordinary general assembly of the Synod of Bishops scheduled for October 2005.

Backis, Audrys Juozas (born February 1, 1938), cardinal priest of Natività di Nostro Signore Gesù Cristo a Via Gallia, Archbishop of Vilnius. Born in Kaunas, Lithuania, Backis fled to the West with his family after the Soviet occupation of his homeland. He was ordained a priest in 1961 after philosophical studies at the Seminary of Saint-Sulpice in Issy-les-Moulineaux, France, and theological studies at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome. After a brief stint in pastoral work among the Lithuanian communities in the United States, he earned a doctorate in canon law at the Pontifical Lateran University and completed postgraduate training at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy, entering the diplomatic service of the Holy See in 1964. He served at the nunciatures in the Philippines, Costa Rica, Turkey, and Nigeria, before being recalled to work in the Council for the Public Affairs of the Church within the Secretariat of State in 1973. In 1979, he was appointed undersecretary of the Council. Pope John Paul II appointed him apostolic nuncio to the Netherlands in 1988, raising him to the archiepiscopate. Three years later, with the collapse of the Soviet Union, he was appointed to the metropolitan see of Vilnius. He was created a cardinal by John Paul II in 2001.

Barbarin, Philippe Xavier Christian Ignace Marie (born October 17, 1950), cardinal priest of Santissima Trinità al Monte Pincio, Archbishop of Lyon. Born into a French family then living in Rabat, Morocco, Barbarin earned a doctorate in philosophy from the Sorbonne and a licentiate in theology from the Institut Catholique de Paris. Ordained a priest for the diocese of Créteil in 1977, he served in a succession of parishes until 1994, when he went to Madagascar as a "Fidei donum" missionary priest to teach theology at the major seminary of the archdiocese of Fianarantsoa. In 1998, shortly after returning to France to take up the pastorate of a parish in Créteil, Barbarin was appointed bishop of Moulins. In 2002, he was promoted to the archbishopric of Lyon, traditionally the primatial see "of the Gauls." The following year, Pope John Paul II created him a cardinal. The second youngest member of the College of Cardinals, Barbarin is potentially an elector until 2030.

Baum, William Wakefield (born November 21, 1926), cardinal priest of Santa Croce in Via Flaminia, Major Penitentiary Emeritus of the Holy Roman Church. Born in Dallas, Texas, Baum studied at Kenrick Seminary in St. Louis, Missouri, as well as the Pontifical North American College and the Pontifical Athenaeum of St. Thomas Aquinas in Rome, before being ordained a priest for the diocese of Kansas City-St. Joseph, Missouri, in 1951. He held a variety of pastoral and administrative posts in the diocese and served briefly as executive secretary of the Committee for Ecumenical Affairs of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops (1967-1968), before being appointed bishop of Springfield-Cape Girardeau in 1970. Three years later, he was promoted to the archbishopric of Washington, D.C. Created a cardinal by Pope Paul VI"he is one of only three remaining Pauline electors"in 1976, he participated in the two conclaves of 1978. In 1980, Pope John Paul II brought him to Rome as the prefect of Congregation for Catholic Education. In 1990, he gave up his prefecture to become the Major Penitentiary of the Holy Roman Church, a post he held until ill health forced him to resign in 2001.

Bergoglio, Jorge Mario (born December 17, 1936), cardinal priest of San Roberto Bellarmino, Archbishop of Buenos Aires. Born in Buenos Aires into a family of Italian origins, Bergoglio earned a diploma as a chemical technician before joining the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) in 1958. He completed his philosophical and theological training in institutes of his religious order and was ordained a priest in 1969. After further studies, he was admitted to solemn profession in 1973. That same year, he became the Jesuit provincial for Argentina. He was appointed auxiliary bishop of Buenos Aires in 1992, and promoted to coadjutor archbishop of the same see in 1997, succeeding the following year. He also serves as ordinary for Catholics of the Eastern rites without a proper ordinary in Argentina. He was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2001. That same year, attending the Synod of Bishops, he took over the duties of relator general after Cardinal Edward Egan of New York left the meeting to return to his see after the September 11 attacks.

Bertone, Tarcisio (born December 2, 1934), cardinal priest of Santa Maria Ausiliatrice in via Tuscolana, Archbishop of Genoa. Born in Romano Canavese, near Ivrea in northern Italy, Bertone joined the Salesians of Don Bosco as a youth, making his profession one day after his sixteenth birthday. He subsequently earned a licentiate in theology from the Salesian theological faculty in Turin for a thesis on tolerance and religious freedom"a daring topic for the time"and a doctorate in canon law from the Pontifical Salesian Athenaeum in Rome for a more cautious historical dissertation on the government of the Church in the thought of Pope Benedict XIV (1740-1758). Ordained a priest in 1960, he became a professor at the Pontifical Salesian Athenaeum (which became the Pontifical Salesian University in 1973), rising successively to be the dean of its canon law faculty, vice-rector of the university, and, in 1989, its "rettore magnifico." As a canonist, he collaborated in the final redaction of the new Code of Canon Law promulgated by Pope John Paul II in 1983 and oversaw its translation into Italian. Appointed archbishop of Vercelli in 1991, he resigned its pastoral governance in 1995 to become secretary of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith where his duties included overseeing the publication of the "third secret" of Fatima. He was transferred to Genoa as archbishop in 2002 and created a cardinal the following year.

Biffi, Giacomo (born June 13, 1928), cardinal priest of Santi Giovanni Evangelista e Petronio, Archbishop Emeritus of Bologna. Born in Milan, Biffi studied at the diocesan seminary and was ordained a priest in 1950. After ordination, he taught at the seminary in Milan for a decade before being assigned to pastoral work in 1960. He was appointed canon theologian of the metropolitan chapter in 1975 and, later that same year, auxiliary bishop of the Ambrosian See. He was promoted to the archbishopric of Bologna in 1984 and created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1985. Having reached the age limit established by canon law, he resigned the pastoral governance of the archdiocese of Bologna in 2003.

Bozanic, Josip (born March 20, 1949), cardinal priest of San Girolamo dei Croati, Archbishop of Zagreb. Born into a pious farming family"his brother Antun also became a priest"in Rijeka, Croatia, Bozanic studied at the local seminary and the theological faculty in Zagreb, before being ordained a priest for the diocese of Krk in 1975. He served successively as secretary to the bishop and a parish priest before being sent for further studies in Rome in 1979, where he earned postgraduate degrees in dogmatic theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University and canon law from the Pontifical Lateran University. Returning to his native diocese in 1986, he served as chancellor (1986-1987) and vicar general (1987-1989) as well as professor of theology and canon law at the seminary in Rijjeka. Appointed coadjutor bishop of Krk in 1989, he succeeded to the see in 1989. After serving briefly as apostolic administrator of the archdiocese of Rijeka-Senj in 1996, he was promoted to the metropolitan see of Zagreb in 1997. As president of the Croatian Episcopal Conference, he was elected vice president of the Council of European Bishops' Conferences. He was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2003.

Cacciavillan, Agostino (born August 14, 1926), cardinal deacon of Santi Angeli Custodi a Cittá Giardino, President Emeritus of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See. Born in Novale di Valdagno, near Vicenza in northern Italy, Cacciavillan was educated in the seminary of Vicenza, the Pontifical Gregorian University (where he earned a licentiate in social sciences), the University of Rome (doctorate in jurisprudence), and the Pontifical Lateran University (doctorate in canon law), as well as the postgraduate Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy. Ordained a priest in 1949, he served for eight years as a parish priest before embarking on his Roman career in 1957. Entering the diplomatic service of the Holy See, after a brief stint in the Secretariat of State, he served in the nunciatures in the Philippines, Spain, and Portugal. From 1969 to 1973, he worked in the Secretariat of State, where he headed the Office of Information and Documentation. In 1976, he was appointed apostolic pro-nuncio in Kenya and apostolic delegate in the Seychelles and raised to the archiespicopate. In 1981, he was transferred to India as pro-nuncio and, in 1985, also accredited to Nepal. In 1990, he was appointed pro-nuncio to the United States and permanent observer of the Holy See at the Organization of American States. Recalled to Rome in 1998, he was appointed president of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See. He was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2001. He retired from the presidency of his dicastery in 2002.

Carles Gordó, Ricardo Maria (born September 24, 1926), cardinal priest of Santa Maria Consolatrice al Tiburtino, Archbishop Emeritus of Barcelona. Born in Valencia, Carles Gordó studied theology at the major seminary of that city before being ordained a priest in 1951. After further studies in canon law at the Pontifical University of Salamanca, he held a variety of pastoral and administrative posts in Valencia between 1953 and 1969, when he was appointed bishop of Tortosa. In 1990, he was promoted to the archbishopric of Barcelona. He was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1994, He resigned the pastoral governance of his see in 2004.

Castrillón Hoyos, Darío (born July 4, 1929), cardinal deacon of Santissimo Nome di Maria al Foro Traiano, Prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy. Born in Medellín, Colombia, he studied at the seminaries of Antioquia and Santa Rosa de Osos, before being sent to the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, where he earned a doctorate in canon law. Ordained a priest in 1952, he served in a variety of pastoral ministries at both the diocesan and national levels until he was appointed coadjutor bishop of Pereira in 1971. He succeeded to the see in 1976. From 1983 to 1987, he served as secretary-general of the Latin American Episcopal Council (CELAM). In 1987, he was elected its president, serving in that capacity until 1991. In 1992, he was promoted to be metropolitan archbishop of Bucaramanga. Called to Rome as pro-prefect of the Congregation for the Clergy in 1996, he became its prefect in 1998, when Pope John Paul II created him a cardinal. In 2000, he added the presidency of the Pontifical Commission "Ecclesia Dei" to his responsibilities.

Cé, Marco (born July 8, 1925), cardinal priest of San Marco, Patriarch Emeritus of Venice. Born in Izano, near Crema, Cé studied at the seminary of Crema as well as the Pontifical Gregorian University and the Pontifical Biblical Institute in Rome. Ordained a priest in 1948, he served successively as a professor, vice-rector, and rector of the diocesan seminary of Crema until 1970, when he was appointed auxiliary bishop of Bologna. In 1976, he became the general ecclesiastical assistant of Italian Catholic Action. In 1978, he was promoted to the patriarchate of Venice in succession to the late Pope John Paul I. He was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1979. He resigned the pastoral governance of Venice in 2002.

Cipriani Thorne, Juan Luis (born December 28, 1943), cardinal priest of San Camillo de Lellis, Archbishop of Lima. Born in Lima, the fourth of the eleven children of an exceptionally pious family, Cipriani Thorne joined Opus Dei at the age of eighteen. He earned a doctorate in industrial engineering from the Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería and worked for a time for the firm of W.R. Grace. Cipriani Thorne is also the only member of the College of Cardinals to have been a semi-professional athlete: he led the Peruvian national basketball team to a first place finish in the Bolivarian Games, a second place finish in at South American Tournament in Lima, a championship at the South American Tournament in Montevideo, and to the Pan American Games in Winnepeg. He also earned doctorates in philosophy and theology from the University of Navarra in Pamplona, Spain, and was ordained a priest in 1977. He held several posts within Opus Dei, including a term as the personal prelature's regional vicar in Peru from 1986 to 1988, when he was appointed auxiliary bishop of Ayacucho, then the center of he Sendero Luminoso insurgency. He became apostolic administrator of the archdiocese of Ayacucho in 1991 before being appointed its archbishop in 1995. In 1997, he tried unsuccessfully to mediate the hostage crisis at the Japanese Embassy in Lima. In 1999, he was transferred to the primatial see of Lima as archbishop. He was created a cardinal"the first to hail from Opus Dei"by Pope John Paul II in 2001.

Connell, Desmond (born March 24, 1926), cardinal priest of San Silvestro in Capite, Archbishop Emeritus of Dublin. Born in Phibsboro, near Dublin, Connell studied at Belvedere College, Holy Cross College, and University College in Dublin as well as the national seminary at Maynooth before being ordained a priest in 1951. After earning a doctorate in philosophy from the Catholic University of Louvain in 1953, he served as chaplain to three communities of cloistered nuns as well as a professor at University College. He was elected the dean of College's Faculty of Philosophy and Sociology in 1983 and reelected three years later. In 1988, he was appointed archbishop of Dublin. He was created a cardinal by John Paul II in 2001. Having passed the retirement age, he resigned the pastoral governance of his archdiocese in 2004.

Danneels, Godfried (born June 4, 1933), cardinal priest of Sant'Anastasia, Archbishop of Mechlin-Brussels. Born in Kanegam, Belgium, Danneels was educated at the Catholic University of Louvain and the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, where he earned a doctorate in theology. Ordained a priest in 1957 for the diocese of Brugge, he served successively on the faculty of the diocesan seminary and that of the Catholic University of Louvain, authoring several theological studies. Appointed bishop of Antwerp in 1977, he was promoted to the archbishopric of Mechlin-Brussels in 1979. When Pope John Paul II convened a special synod of Dutch bishops in 1980 to deal with problems within Church in the Netherlands, Danneels served as the president-delegate. He was created a cardinal by John Paul II in 1983.

Daoud, Ignace Moussa I (born September 18, 1930), cardinal bishop, Patriarch Emeritus of Antioch of the Syrians and Prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches. Born in Meskané, Syria, into a family belonging to the Syrian Rite of the Catholic Church, Daoud was educated in the Syrian Seminary of St. Benedict and St. Ephrem in Jerusalem and the Seminary of Charfet, Lebanon, before being ordained a priest in 1954. He later earned a licentiate in canon law from the Pontifical Lateran University in Rome. After holding a succession of pastoral and administrative posts, he was elected bishop of Cairo (Egypt) of the Syrians by the Patriarchal Synod in 1977. He was consecrated a bishop under the name of Basile Moussa. In 1994, the Patriarchal Synod promoted him to the archbishopric of Homs, Syria. On October 13, 1988, he was elected Patriarch of Antioch of the Syrians and assumed the name of Ignace Moussa. Pope John Paul II granted the "ecclesiastica communion" one week later and he was enthroned on October 25. He was appointed prefect of the Congregation for the Oriental Churches in 2000. He resigned the patriarchate in 2001 and was created a cardinal by John Paul II.

Darmaatmadja, Julius Riyadi (born December 20, 1934), cardinal priest of Sacro Cuore di Maria, Archbishop of Jakarta. Born in Muntilan, Indonesia, Darmaatmadja studied at the minor seminary in Magelang before joining the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) in 1957. He pursued his studies in houses of the order and was ordained a priest in 1969. He made his solemn profession in 1975. Darmaatmadja held a variety of educational and pastoral charges within his religious community until he was appointed archbishop of Semarang in 1983. The following year, he was also appointed military ordinary for Indonesia. Created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1994, he was transferred to the archbishopric of Jakarta in 1996.

De Giorgi, Salvatore (born September 6, 1930), cardinal priest of Santa Maria in Ara Coeli, Archbishop of Palermo. Born in Vernole in southern Italy, De Giorgi studied at the archdiocesan seminary of Lecce and the regional seminary at Molfetta. Ordained a priest in 1953, he served as secretary to the archbishop of Lecce for five years before holding a succession of diocesan offices. He was appointed auxiliary bishop of Oria in 1973 and promoted to coadjutor bishop two years later. He succeeded to the bishopric in 1978. In 1981, he was promoted to the metropolitan archbishopric of Foggia with the dioceses of Bovino and Troia united "in persona episcopi." He became archbishop of Foggia-Bovino and resigned the diocese of Troia when the Italian dioceses were reorganized in 1986. In 1987, he was transferred to the metropolitan see of Taranto. In 1990, he became general ecclesiastical assistant to Italian Catholic Action and resigned the pastoral governance of his archdiocese. The following year he became ecclesiastical assistant for the International Forum of Catholic Action. In 1996, he was appointed archbishop of Palermo. He was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1998.

Dias, Ivan (born April 14, 1936), cardinal priest of Spirito Santo alla Ferratella, Archbishop of Bombay. Born in Bombay, he studied in the local seminary and was ordained a priest in 1958. After several years in pastoral ministry, he was sent to Rome for further studies at the Pontifical Lateran University (where he earned a doctorate in canon law) and the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy. Entering the diplomatic service of the Holy See, he helped prepare for Pope Paul VI's historic visit to Bombay in 1964. Dias subsequently served in the nunciatures in Denmark (also accredited to Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden), Indonesia, and Madagascar (also covering La Reunion, Comoro, and Mauritius). Recalled to Rome, he worked in the Secretariat of State from 1973 until 1982, when he was appointed apostolic pro-nuncio to Ghana, Togo, and Benin, and raised to the archiepiscopal rank. In 1987, he was transferred to the nunciature in South Korea and, in 1991, the newly-established nunciature in Albania, where he also functioned as the apostolic administrator of the dioceses in the country's south. In 1997, he left the diplomatic service and was appointed metropolitan archbishop of Bombay. He was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1998.

Egan, Edward Michael (born April 2, 1932), cardinal priest of Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Archbishop of New York. Born in the Chicago suburb of Oak Park, Illinois, Egan received his bachelor's degree in philosophy from St. Mary of the Lake Seminary, Mundelein, Illinois. Sent to Rome for theological studies at the Pontifical North American College, he was ordained a priest in 1957. The following year, he received a licentiate in theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University and returned to Chicago, where he served as an assistant at Holy Name Cathedral and secretary to Cardinal Albert Meyer from 1958-1960. From 1960 to 1964, he pursued a doctorate in canon law at the Gregorian University in Rome while serving as an assistant vice-rector of the North American College. Once again in Chicago, he served as secretary to Cardinal John Cody. In 1972, he was appointed a prelate auditor (judge) of the Tribunal of the Roman Rota. While on the tribunal, he taught canon law at the Gregorian University and was one of the six canonists who reviewed the revised Code of Canon Law before its promulgation in 1983. Appointed auxiliary bishop of New York in 1985, he was transferred to Bridgeport, Connecticut, as bishop in 1988. In 2000, he was promoted to the archbishopric of New York. Pope John Paul II created him a cardinal in 2001.

Erdö, Péter (born June 25, 1952), cardinal priest of Santa Balbina, Archbishop of Esztergom-Budapest and Primate of Hungary. Born in Budapest, Erdö studied at the seminaries of Esztergom and Budapest and was ordained a priest in 1975. After two years as a parochial vicar, he was sent to further studies in Rome, where he earned doctorates in theology and canon law from the Pontifical Lateran University. Returning to Hungary in 1980, he was successively professor of theology and canon law at the seminary of Esztergom (1980-1988) and at the Theological Faculty of the Péter Pázmány Catholic University in Budapest (1988-1997). In 1997, he became dean of the faculty and was appointed rector of the university a year later. During this time, he developed a reputation as a leading scholar of the history of canon law and regularly taught courses as a visiting professor at universities throughout Europe. In 1999, he was appointed auxiliary bishop of Székesfehévár. In 2002, he was promoted to the metropolitan and primatial see of Esztergom-Budapest. Pope John Paul II created him a cardinal in 2003. The youngest member of the College of Cardinals, Erdö is potentially an elector until 2032.

Errázuriz Ossa, Francisco Javier (born September 5, 1933), cardinal priest of Santa Maria della Pace, Archbishop of Santiago de Chile. Born in Santiago de Chile, Errázuriz Ossa earned a diploma in mathematics from the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile and joined the newly-founded Movement of Schönstatt, an apostolic association with Marian spirituality, as a lay member. Eventually, he went on to earn study philosophy and earn a doctorate in theology from the University of Fribourg in Switzerland, where he was ordained a priest in 1961. From 1965 until 1971, he was the regional superior in Chile for the Secular Institute of the Fathers of Schönstatt. He went on to direct the institute's work in Ecuador and in Spain and Portugal. From 1974, he was superior general of the institute and president of the International Council of the Work of Schönstatt, the umbrella organization for the movement's clerical and lay groups. He was appointed archbishop in 1990 and, in 1991, archbishop-bishop of Valparaíso. In 1998, he was promoted to the metropolitan see of Santiago de Chile. He was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2001. In 2003, Errázuriz Ossa was elected to a four-year term as president of the Episcopal Council of Latin America (CELAM).

Etsou-Nzabi-Bamungwabi, Frédéric (born December 3, 1930), cardinal priest of Santa Lucia a Piazza d'Armi, Archbishop of Kinhasa. Etsou-Nzabi-Bamungwabi was born into a non-Christian family of hereditary chiefs in Lisala, Belgian Congo (later Zaire, now the Democratic Republic of Congo). Converting to Catholicism, he was educated at the minor seminary in Bolongo and the major seminary in Kabwe. Joining the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, he was ordained a priest in 1958. After a period in pastoral work, he pursued advanced studies in France and Belgium, earning a doctorate in sociology from the Institut Catholique in Paris. From 1968 on, he held increasingly important offices in his religious community, eventually becoming its superior in Africa. In 1976, he was appointed coadjutor archbishop of Mbandaka-Bikoro, succeeding to the see a year later. In 1990, he was transferred to the metropolitan see of Kinhasa. The following year, he was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II.

Falcão, José Freire (born October 23, 1925), cardinal priest of San Luca a Via Prenestina, Archbishop Emeritus of Brasilia. Born in Ererê, Brazil, Falcão was ordained a priest of the diocese of Limoeiro do Norte in 1949, after studies as the seminary in Fortaleza. He held various pastoral charges in the diocese until 1967, when he was appointed coadjutor with right of succession to the see. He succeeded to the bishopric shortly after his ordination. In 1971, he was promoted to the archbishopric of Teresina, where he remained until his transfer to the metropolitan see of Brasilia in 1983. He was created a cardinal in 1988 by Pope John Paul II. Having passed the canonical age of retirement, he resigned the pastoral governance of his archdiocese in 2004.

George, Francis Eugene (born January 16, 1937), cardinal priest of San Bartolomeo all'Isola, Archbishop of Chicago. Born in Chicago, Illinois, George joined the Oblates of Mary Immaculate after his childhood polio left him physically "unqualified" for the rigorous standards of expected of the Chicago diocesan clergy of the period. Ordained a priest in 1963, after studies in houses of his religious congregation and the University of Ottawa, he eventually earned a doctorate in philosophy from Tulane University in New Orleans and a doctorate in theology from the Pontifical Urban University in Rome. He taught philosophy at Creighton University in Omaha, Nebraska, before becoming provincial superior for the Western United States for the Oblates in 1973. From 1974 to 1986, he was based in Rome as vicar general of the Oblates. From 1986 until 1990, he was a member of the Cambridge (Massachusetts) Center for the Study of Faith and Culture. Appointed bishop of Yakima, Washington, in 1990, he was promoted to the archbishopric of Portland, Oregon, in 1996. Less than a year later, he was transferred to Chicago, where he succeeded the late Cardinal Joseph Bernardin. He was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1998.

Giordano, Michele (borne September 26, 1930), cardinal priest of San Gioacchino ai Prati di Castello, Archbishop of Naples. Born in Sant'Arcangelo in southern Italy, Giordano studied at the minor seminary of Potenza, the Pontifical Regional Seminary of Salerno, and the Pontifical Interregional Seminary of Posillippo, and was ordained a priest for the diocese of Anglona-Tursi in 1953. He served in a variety of positions in his native diocese until he was appointed, in 1971, auxiliary bishop of Matera and apostolic administrator of the Gravina and Irsina. In 1974, he was promoted to the metropolitan see of Matera and Irsina. In 1987, he was transferred to the archdiocese of Naples. He was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1988.

Glemp, Józef (born December 18, 1929), cardinal priest of Santa Maria in Trastevere, Archbishop of Warsaw and Primate of Poland. Born in Inowroclaw in the Polish primatial see of Gniezno, Glemp studied in the seminaries of Gniezno and Poznan and was ordained in 1956. After working in a parish for two years, he was sent for further studies at the Pontifical Lateran University and the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome. Returning to Poland in 1964, he held a succession of posts before being appointed head of the secretariat of the Polish primate, Cardinal Stefan Wyszýnski, in 1967, a position he held until his appointment, in 1979, as bishop of Warmia. In 1981, after his mentor's death, Glemp was appointed to succeed him as archbishop of Gniezno (to which, at the time, was united the archdiocese of Poznan) and primate of Poland and, contemporaneously, pro illa vice, ad personam, archbishop of Warsaw. In 1983, he was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II. When the collapse of the Iron Curtain permitted the long delayed reorganization of the Polish hierarchy, he became archbishop of Warsaw, although he retained ad personam, the dignity of Polish primate through the juridical fiction of being appointed custodian of the relics of St. Adalbert in the cathedral of now-separate archdiocese of Gniezno.

Grocholewski, Zenon (born October 11, 1939), cardinal deacon of San Nicola in Carcere, Prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education. Born in Bródkach, in the archdiocese of Poznan, Grocholewski studied at the seminary of that see and was ordained a priest in 1963. After three years of pastoral work in a parish, he was sent to for further studies in Rome, where he earned a doctorate in canon law from the Pontifical Gregorian University and qualified as a lawyer before the Roman Rota. In 1972, he was appointed a notary at the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura, going on to serve as its acting chancellor (1977-1980), chancellor (1980-1982), and secretary (1982-1998). In 1982, he was appointed a titular bishop; nine years later, he was promoted to the rank of archbishop. In 1998, he was appointed prefect of the Signatura and president of the Court of Cassation of the Vatican City State, offices he held until the following year, when he was appointed prefect of the Congregation for Catholic Education. He was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2001.

Hamao, Stephen Fumio (born March 9, 1930), cardinal deacon of San Giovanni Bosco in via Tuscolana, President of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerants. Born in Tokyo, Hamao studied at the University of Tokyo, the Interdiocesan Seminary of Tokyo, and the Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum of the Propaganda Fide. Ordained a priest in 1957, he returned to Tokyo where he was successively secretary to the cardinal archbishop, diocesan vice-chancellor, and pastor of the cathedral. Appointed auxiliary bishop of Tokyo in 1970, he was transferred to Yokohama as diocesan bishop in 1979. In 1998, he was promoted to the rank of archbishop and appointed president of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerants. He was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2003.

Herranz Casado, Julián (born March 31, 1930), cardinal deacon of San Eugenio, President of the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts. Born in Baena, near Córdoba, Herranz joined Opus Dei while a medical student in Madrid. Eventually earning both his medical degree and a doctorate in canon law, he was ordained a priest in 1955. He worked as a staff assistant on a number of commissions during the Second Vatican Council and collaborated in a number of canon law publications. After the promulgation of the revised Code of Canon Law, he was appointed secretary of the Pontifical Commission for the Interpretation of the Code of Canon Law (later the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts) in 1984. In 1990, he was elevated to episcopate. He was promoted to the archiepiscopal dignity in 1994 and appointed president of the Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts. In 1999, he added to his responsibilities the presidency of the Disciplinary Commission of the Roman Curia. He was created a cardinal in 2003 by Pope John Paul II.

Hummes, Cláudio (born August 8, 1934), cardinal priest of Sant'Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana, Archbishop of São Paulo. Hummes was born in Montenegro, near Porto Alegre, Brazil, to a family originally from Germany. Joining the Order of Friars Minor (the Franciscans), he was ordained a priest in 1958 after studies in various houses of his religious order. Sent to Rome for further studies, he received a doctorate in philosophy from the Pontifical Antonian Athenaeum in 1963 for a dissertation on the proofs for the existence of God in the Maurice Blondel's L'Action. Returning to Brazil, he taught philosophy both in Franciscan institutes and Pontifical Catholic University of Porto Alegre until 1972, when he became provincial superior of the Franciscans of Rio Grande do Sul. In 1975, he was appointed coadjutor bishop with right of succession of Santo André, succeeding to the see shortly after his episcopal ordination. In 1996, he was promoted to the metropolitan see of Fortaleza. Two years later, he was transferred to be archbishop of São Paulo. Created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2001, he was invited by the pope to preach the Lenten spiritual exercises for the pontiff and the Roman Curia the following year.

Husar, Lubomyr (born February 26, 1933), cardinal priest of Santa Sofia a Via Boccea, Major Archbishop of Lviv of the Ukrainians. Born into a Ukrainian family in Lviv, then part of Poland, Husar fled to the West with his family following the Russian occupation of the region and its incorporation into the then Soviet Union during World War II and eventually settled in the United States. After studies at St. Basil's College in Stamford, Connecticut, and the Catholic University of America in Washington, where he earned a licentiate in theology, he was ordained a priest for the Ukrainian Catholic eparchy of Stamford in 1958. From then until 1969, he served on the faculty of St. Basil's College, doubling the last three years as pastor of a Ukrainian parish in upstate New York. After studies at the Pontifical Urbanian University in Rome, he received a doctorate in theology in 1972. In 1972, he entered the monastery of the Studite order at Grottaferrata, Italy, becoming its superior in 1974. Husar enjoys the rather unusual distinction of being the only current member of the College of Cardinals to have been known to have incurred the penalty of excommunication: in 1977, the exiled major archbishop of Lviv of the Ukrainians, Cardinal Josyf Slipyj, consecrated him and another Ukrainian prelate as bishops for the Ukrainian Catholic Church without papal approval. Despite his then somewhat irregular canonical status, Husar became the archimandrite of Studite monks in Europe and America the following year. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, Husar and his monks returned to Ukraine in 1993. In 1995, the Synod of Bishops of the Ukrainian Catholic Church elected him archiepiscopal exarch of Kiev-Vyshordod. His status in the Catholic hierarchy was finally regularized in 1996 when Pope John Paul II appointed him to the titular see of Nisa and, although no official mention was made at the time, the excommunication that canonically would have attached automatically to his unapproved episcopal consecration was presumably lifted. Husar was then appointed auxiliary to the major archbishop of the Ukrainians, Cardinal Myroslav Ivan Lubachivsky. In 2000, he was appointed apostolic administrator of the major archbishopric following Lubachivsky's death. On January 25, 2001, the Synod of the Ukrainian Church elected Husar major archbishop of Lviv of the Ukrainians, an election confirmed the following day by John Paul II, who created him a cardinal a month later.

Jaworski, Marian (born August 21, 1926), cardinal priest of San Sisto, Archbishop of Lviv of the Latins. Born in Lviv, which was then a part of Poland, Jaworski studied at the major seminary of Lviv, the Jagellonian University in Cracow (where he earned a doctorate in theology), the Catholic University of Lublin (doctorate in philosophy), and the Theological Academy of Warsaw (doctorate in philosophy of religion). Ordained a priest in 1950, he held a variety of pastoral and academic appointments, including several that made him a colleague of the future Pope John Paul II, who appointed him a bishop and apostolic administrator of the territories of the archdiocese of Lviv of the Latins that were within Polish territory. In 1991, he was promoted to the metropolitan see of Lviv of the Latins. John Paul II created him cardinal "in pectore" in 1998, publishing the nomination in 2001.

Kasper, Walter (born March 5, 1933), cardinal deacon of Ognissanti in Via Appia Nuova, President of the Pontifical Council for the Promotion of Christian Unity. Born in Heidenheim/Brenz, Germany, Kasper studied at the seminaries of Tübingen and Munich and at the University of Tübingen, where he received his doctorate in theology. Ordained a priest of the diocese of Rottenburg in 1957, he served briefly as a parish priest before resuming an academic career at Tübingen that included stints as assistant to two eminent theologians, Leo Scheffczyck (later created a cardinal the same day as Kasper) and Hans Küng (later to have his theological credentials revoked by the Vatican). In 1961, Kasper was appointed professor of dogmatic theology at the University of Münster, becoming dean of the theological faculty there in 1969. The following year, he moved back to Tübingen as professor of dogmatic theology and dean. In 1989, he was elected bishop of Rottenberg-Stuttgart"one of the few Catholic dioceses that has maintained the ancient custom of electing its ordinary. In 1999, he was appointed president of the Pontifical Council for the Promotion of Christian Unity. Kasper was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2001. While he is often seen as the progressive alternative to the more conservative theological vision of his former academic colleague Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, attune observers have noted that Kasper has increasingly shifted his position closer to the center, if not rightward.

Keeler, William Henry (born March 4, 1931), cardinal priest of Santa Maria degli Angeli, Archbishop of Baltimore. Born in San Antonio, Texas, Keeler studied at St. Charles Borromeo Seminary in Overbrook, Pennsylvania, and the Pontifical North American College in Rome. Ordained a priest for the diocese of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, in 1955, he received a licentiate in theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome the following year. He later earned a doctorate in canon law from the same university. Returning to Harrisburg, Keeler held a number of posts in the diocesan administration and was appointed auxiliary bishop in 1979. In 1983, he was appointed bishop of Harrisburg. He was promoted to the metropolitan see of Baltimore as archbishop in 1989 and elected vice president of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops later the same year. He went on to serve as president of the episcopal conference from 1992 to 1995. In 1994, he was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II.

Kitbunchu, Michael Michai (born January 25, 1929), cardinal priest of San Lorenzo in Panisperna, Archbishop of Bangkok. Kitbunchu was born in Samphran, outside Bangkok. After studies at the local seminary and the Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum of the Propaganda Fide, he was ordained a priest in 1959. Returning to Bangkok in 1960, he did pastoral work (1960-1965) and served as rector of the seminary (1965-1972). He was appointed archbishop of Bangkok in 1972. In 1983, Pope John Paul II created him a cardinal.

Law, Bernard Francis (born November 4, 1931), cardinal priest of Santa Susanna, Archpriest of the Patriarchal Liberian Basilica of St. Mary Major. Born in Torreón, Mexico, to expatriate American parents, Law graduated from Harvard University before studying at St. Joseph's Seminary in St. Benedict, Louisiana, and the Pontifical College Josephinum in Worthington, Ohio. He was ordained a priest in 1961, for the diocese of Natchez-Jackson, Mississippi. Director of the diocesan newspaper, he was active in the civil rights movement of the era. Pope Paul VI appointed him bishop of Springfield-Cape Girardeau, Missouri, in 1973. Pope John Paul II, while leaving him initially in that see, entrusted him with the administration of the "pastoral provision" for married Episcopal (Anglican) priests who converted to Catholicism and wanted to continue in ministry. In 1984, John Paul II promoted him to the archbishopric of Boston, creating him a cardinal the following year. It was at Law's suggestion, made during the extraordinary Synod of Bishops of 1985, that the Catechism of Catholic Church was prepared. Amid the scandal of sexual abuse by priests of his archdiocese, a media furor led to Law's resignation as archbishop of Boston in 2002 and his retirement to a convent in Maryland as its chaplain before he was called to Rome and appointed archpriest of the Basilica of St. Mary Major.

Lehmann, Karl (born May 16, 1936), cardinal priest of San Leone I, Bishop of Mainz. Born in Sigmaringen, he studied at the diocesan seminary of Freiburg-im-Breisgau before earning doctorates in theology and philosophy from the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome. He was ordained a priest in 1963. He served as Karl Rahner's assistant from 1964 until 1968, when he became professor of dogmatic theology at the University of Mainz. In 1971, he was appointed professor of dogmatic and ecumenical theology at the University of Freiburg, a position he retained until he was appointed Bishop of Mainz in 1983. Elected vice-president of the German Episcopal Conference in 1985, he became its president in 1985, a position he still retains. He was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2001. A prolific writer, he is the only member of the College of Cardinals on whom a full, regularly updated, academic bibliography is maintained.

López Rodríguez, Nicolás de Jesús (born October 31, 1936), cardinal priest of San Pio X alla Balduina, Archbishop of Santo Domingo. Born in Barrancas, Domincan Republic, López Rodríguez was ordained a priest for the diocese of La Vega in 1961 after studies at the Pontifical Seminary of Santo Tómas de Aquino in Santo Domingo. After several years of parish ministry, he was sent for advanced studies in Rome, eventually earning a doctorate in social sciences from the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas in 1966. After another brief stint in pastoral work, he returned to Rome for another year of further studies in 1968-1969. From 1969 until 1979, when he was appointed bishop of San Francisco de Macorís, he held a series of posts in the diocese of La Vega. In 1981, he was promoted to the primatial archbishopric of Santo Domingo. Pope John Paul II created him a cardinal in 1991.

López Trujillo, Alfonso (born November 8, 1935), cardinal bishop of Frascati, President of the Pontifical Council for the Family. López Trujillo was born in Villahermosa, Colombia. He was educated at the National University in Bogotá, the seminary of Bogotá, the Pontifical Athenaeum of St. Thomas Aquinas in Rome, and the Pontifical Teresianum Institute of Spirituality in Rome. Ordained a priest in 1960, he taught at the seminary in Bogotá and held a number of diocesan, national, and international positions, including pastoral coordinator of the International Eucharistic Congress in Bogotá in 1968. In 1971, he was appointed auxiliary bishop of Bogotá. A year later, he was elected secretary-general of the Latin American Episcopal Council (CELAM). He was promoted to the dignity of archbishop and appointed coadjutor of Medellín in 1978, succeeding to the see the following year. From 1979 to 1982, he was president of CELAM. He was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1983. In 1990, he was appointed president of the Pontifical Council for the Family.

Lozano Barragán, Javier (born January 26, 1933), cardinal deacon of San Michele Arcangelo, President of the Pontifical Council for Healthcare Workers. Born in Toluca, Mexico, Lozano Barragán studied for the priesthood at the seminary of Zamora, Mexico, and the Pontificial Pio-Latin American College in Rome. Ordained a priest in 1955, he earned a licentiate in philosophy and a doctorate in theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome. Returning to the diocese of Zamora, he served as professor in the seminary and president of the Mexican Theological Society before becoming director of the Institute for Pastoral Theology of the Latin American Episcopate (CELAM) in Medellín, Colombia. In 1979, he was appointed auxiliary bishop of Mexico City. Transferred to Zacatecas as bishop in 1984, he was promoted to the rank of archbishop and appointed president of the Pontifical Council for the Pastoral Care of Healthcare Workers in 1997. Pope John Paul II created him a cardinal in 1940.

Lustiger, Jean-Marie (born September 17, 1926), cardinal priest of San Luigi dei Francesi, Archbishop Emeritus of Paris. Lustiger was born in Paris into a Polish Jewish family that had emigrated to France earlier in the century. His parents were deported by the Nazis during the Second World War"his mother died at Auschwitz"but young Aaron Lustiger was sheltered by a Christian family in Orléans. He subsequently converted to Catholicism and took the name "Jean-Marie." After the war he received a doctorate in literature from the Sorbonne and entered the seminary at the Institut Catholique in Paris. Ordained a priest in 1954, he served as a university chaplain until 1969, when he became pastor of the Parisian parish of Sainte-Jeanne de Chantal. In 1979, he was appointed bishop of Orléans. In 1981, he was promoted to be archbishop of Paris and ordinary for the faithful of Oriental rites in France without their own ordinary. Pope John Paul II created him a cardinal in 1983. His last major function before resigning the pastoral governance of the archdiocese of Paris due to the age limit was to serve as the special papal envoy to commemoration of the 60th anniversary of the concentration camp at Auschwitz-Birkenau.

Macharski, Franciszek (born May 20, 1927), cardinal priest of San Giovanni a Porta Latina, Archbishop of Cracow. A native of Cracow, Macharski studied at the archdiocesan seminary and the Jagellonian University in the ancient Polish city as well as the University of Fribourg, Switzerland. He served in a variety of pastoral and academic posts and was appointed rector of the metropolitan seminary by the then archbishop, Karol Wojtyla. Upon the latter's election to the papacy as Pope John Paul II in 1978, he appointed Macharski his successor in Cracow. The following year, Macharski was created a cardinal.

Mahony, Roger Michael (born February 27, 1936), cardinal priest of Santi Quattro Coronati, Archbishop of Los Angeles. Born in Hollywood, California, Mahony was ordained a priest for the diocese of Monterey-Fresno in 1962 after studies at Our Lady of the Angels Seminary in Mission Hill, California. He later went on to earn a doctorate in social work from the Catholic University of America. After holding a succession of pastoral and administrative positions, he was appointed auxiliary bishop of Fresno in 1975. In 1980, he was appointed bishop of Stockton, California. In 1985, he was promoted to be archbishop of Los Angeles. He was created cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1991. In recent years, Mahony has come under criticism for the expensive modernist cathedral of he built as well as his handling of a number of cases of accused child abusers among his clergy.

Maida, Adam Joseph (born March 18, 1930), cardinal priest of Santi Vitale, Valeria, Gervasio e Protasio, Archbishop of Detroit. Born into a Polish-American family in East Vandergrift, Pennsylvania, Maida studied for the priesthood at St. Vincent's College, Latrobe, Pennsylvania, and St. Mary's University, Baltimore. Ordained a priest in 1956, he was sent to further studies in Rome, where he earned licentiates in theology and canon law from the Pontifical Lateran University. He later earned a civil law degree from Duquesne University. From 1960 until 1983, when he was appointed bishop of Green Bay, Wisconsin, he held a series of pastoral, academic, and administrative posts in the diocese of Pittsburgh. In 1990, he was promoted to the archbishopric of Detroit. In 1994, Pope John Paul II created him a cardinal.

Marchisano, Francesco (born June 25, 1929), cardinal deacon of Santa Lucia del Gonfalone, Archpriest of the Patriarchal Vatican Basilica of St. Peter. A native of Racconigi, near Turin, Marchisano was ordained a priest in 1952. After advanced studies at the Pontifical Lombard Seminary in Rome, he entered the service of the Holy See at the then-Sacred Congregation for the Council (now the Congregation for the Clergy) as the protégé of the future Cardinal Carlo Confalonieri. He has served his entire career in the Roman Curia. Elevated to the episcopate in 1989, he was promoted to the archiepiscopal dignity in 1994. Presently, he is the archpriest of the Vatican Basilica. He was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2003.

Martínez Somalo, Eduardo (born March 31, 1927), cardinal priest of Santissimo Nome di Gesú, Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church. He studied at the seminary in Logroño, the Pontifical Gregorian University (where he earned licentiate degrees in theology and canon law), the Pontifical Lateran University (where he received his doctorate in canon law), and the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy. Ordained a priest in 1950, he joined the diplomatic service of the Holy See upon the completion of his graduate studies, serving in the Secretariat of State. Appointed apostolic nuncio to Colombia in 1970, he was elevated to the rank of archbishop. In 1979, he was recalled to Rome to serve as substitute of the Secretariat of State. Created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1988, he was appointed prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments. In 1992, he was transferred as prefect to the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life, the dicastery in charge of religious orders and their members, an office he held until 2004. In 1993, John Paul II appointed him Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church.

Martini, Carlo Maria (born February 15, 1927), cardinal priest of Santa Cecilia, Archbishop Emeritus of Milan. A native of Turin, Martini joined the Society of Jesus at the age of seventeen in 1944, pursuing his studies in various institutes of the Jesuit order before obtaining his doctorate in theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University with a dissertation on "The historical problem of the resurrection in recent studies." After post-graduate studies at the Pontifical Biblical Institute, he taught briefly at the Theological Faculty in Chieri before joining the faculty of the Pontifical Biblical Institute. He was appointed rector of the Pontifical Biblical Institute in 1969. In 1978, he was appointed rector of the Pontifical Gregorian University. That same year, Pope Paul VI invited him to give the annual Lenten retreat in the Vatican. Appointed archbishop of Milan in 1979, he was created a cardinal in 1983 by Pope John Paul II. Despite a prodigious pastoral activity, he maintained a prolific publishing schedule, although his emphasis was more pastoral and spiritual, rather than academic, in recent year. He retired in 2002 and spends most of his time at the Pontifical Biblical Institute in Jerusalem.

Martino, Raffaele Renato (born November 23, 1932), cardinal deacon of San Francesco di Paolo ai Monti, President of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace. Born in Salerno, Martino studied for the priesthood at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome and was ordained a priest in 1957. He went on to earn doctorates in civil and canon law from the Pontifical Lateran University and completed his studies at the postgraduate Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy before entering the diplomatic service of the Holy See in 1962. He served at the nunciatures in Nicaragua, the Philippines, and Lebanon, before a period of service (1970-1975) at the Secretariat of State. From 1975 until 1980, he served at the nunciature in Brazil. Appointed apostolic pro-nuncio in Thailand and apostolic delegate in Laos, Malaysia, and Singapore, he was elevated to the archiepiscopal dignity in 1980. In 1986, Martino was appointed permanent observer of the Holy See to the United Nations in New York with the rank of apostolic nuncio. He became president of the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace in 2002, following the death of Cardinal François-Xavier Nguyên van Thuân. The following year, he was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II.

McCarrick, Theodore Edgar (born July 7, 1930), cardinal priest of Santi Nereo e Achilleo, Archbishop of Washington. Born in New York, McCarrick studied at St. Joseph's Seminary in Dunwoodie, New York, and was ordained a priest in 1958. Sent on to advanced studies, he eventually earned a doctorate in sociology from the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. He served as assistant chaplain of Catholic University where he went on to be dean of students and as director of development. He was named president of the Catholic University of Puerto Rico in Ponce in 1965. Returning to New York, he served as associate secretary for Catholic education (1969-1971) and secretary to Cardinal Terrance Cooke (1971-1977). Appointed auxiliary bishop of New York in 1977, McCarrick became bishop of the newly established diocese of Metuchen, New Jersey, in 1981. In 1986, he was promoted to the metropolitan see of Newark. From 1999 to 2001, he also served, at the appointment of President Bill Clinton, as a member of the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. He was transferred to the archdiocese of Washington in 2000 and created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II the following year.

Medina Estévez, Jorge Arturo (born December 1926), cardinal deacon of San Saba, Prefect Emeritus of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments and Proto-Deacon of the Holy Roman Church. Born in Santiago de Chile, he studied at the major seminary there and was ordained a priest in 1954. He also earned licentiates in letters and biology and doctorates in theology and canon law from the Pontifical Catholic University of Santiago. He held a number of academic and administrative posts until 1984, when he was appointed auxiliary bishop of Rancagua, Chile. In 1987, he was appointed bishop of Rancagua. In 1993, he was transferred to the diocese of Valparaíso. He was appointed pro-prefect of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments in 1996 and raised to the archiepiscopal rank. Created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1998, he became prefect of the same dicastery. He retired in 2002. In February 2005, he was confirmed as the Proto-Deacon (senior cardinal deacon participating in the conclave) of the Holy Roman Church and will thus have the privilege of announcing the election of the next pope.

Meisner, Joachim (born December 25, 1933), cardinal priest of Santa Pudenziana, Archbishop of Cologne. Born in the Breslau (now Wroclaw, but then a part of the German Reich), Meisner studied at the seminaries of Madgeburg and Erfürt, the theological faculty of Neuzelle, and the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, where he earned a doctorate in theology. Ordained a priest in 1962, he held a series of pastoral responsibilities in Erfürt. In 1975, he was appointed auxiliary bishop to the apostolic administrator of the territories of Erfürt and Meiningen. In 1980, he was appointed bishop of Berlin. Created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1983, he was promoted to metropolitan see of Cologne in 1988.

Murphy-O'Connor, Cormac (born August 24, 1932), cardinal priest of Santa Maria sopra Minerva, Archbishop of Westminster. Murphy-O'Connor was born in Reading, England. After studies in Rome at the Venerable English College and the Pontifical Gregorian University (where he earned a licentiate in theology), he was ordained a priest for the diocese of Portsmouth in 1956. From 1956 to 1966, he served as vicar of a number of parishes. He served as secretary to the diocesan bishop from 1966 to 1969, when he was appointed pastor of a parish Southampton. Returning to Rome in 1971, he was rector of the English College until 1977, when he was appointed bishop of Arundel and Brighton. Since 1983, he has been co-chairman of the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission (ARCIC). In 2000, he was promoted to be archbishop of Westminster and elected president of the Catholic Bishops' Conference of England and Wales. Murphy-O'Connor was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2001.

Napier, Wilfrid Fox (born March 8, 1941), cardinal priest of San Francesco d'Assisi ad Acilia, Archbishop of Durban. Born in Swartberg in Natal, South Africa, Napier joined the Order of Friars Minor (the Franciscans) in Ireland. After studies at the University of Galway and the Catholic University of Louvain, he was ordained a priest in 1970 and served in two parishes until 1978, when he was appointed apostolic administrator of his native diocese of Kokstad, Natal. Appointed bishop of Kokstad in 1980, he also served as president of the Southern African Bishops' Conference (SABC) from 1987 to 1994, the years of South Africa's transition from apartheid to majority rule during which Napier was an outspoken advocate for human rights. Promoted to the metropolitan archbishopric of Durban in 1992, he was reelected president of the SABC in 2000. Napier was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2001.

Nicora, Attilio (born March 16, 1937), cardinal deacon of San Filippo Neri in Eurosia, President of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See. A native of Varese in northern Italy, Nicora was educated at the Seminary of Venegono in Milan and the Pontifical Lombard Seminary in Rome and ordained a priest in 1964. He has degrees from the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Milan (licentiate in law), the Pontifical Gregorian University (licentiate in canon law), and the Theological Faculty of Milan (licentiate in theology). After ordination, he served as professor of canon law and, from 1970, rector of the Seminary of Venegono. In 1977, he was appointed auxiliary bishop of Milan. In 1984, he was entrusted with the supervision of the revision of the concordat between Italy and the See and, in 1987, he was released from his duties in Milan to supervise the accord's implementation in the Italian Episcopal Conference. In 1992, he was appointed bishop of Verona, but was released from that charge five years later to devote himself full-time to the Italian episcopate's juridical affairs. Pope John Paul II appointed him president of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See in 2002, promoting him to the rank of archbishop. A year later, he was created a cardinal.

Obando Bravo, Miguel (born February 2, 1926), cardinal priest of San Giovanni Evangelista a Spinaceto, Archbishop Emeritus of Managua. Born in La Libertad (Chontales), Nicaragua, Obando Bravo joined the Salesians of Don Bosco, studying in houses of that religious congregation in El Salvador, Guatemala, Colombia, and Venezuela. Ordained a priest in 1958, he taught in Salesian schools and seminaries in Nicaragua and El Salvador. Appointed auxiliary bishop of Matagalpa, Nicaragua, in 1968, he was promoted to the metropolitan see of Managua two years later. As archbishop of the Nicaraguan capital, he was a vocal defender of human rights against the depredations of both the Somoza and Sandinista regimes. He was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1985. His resignation from the pastoral governance of the archdiocese of Managua was accepted on April 1, 2005.

O'Brien, Keith Michael Patrick (born March 17, 1938), cardinal priest of Santi Gioacchino e Anna al Tuscolano, Archbishop of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh. Born in Ballycastle, in the Irish diocese of Down and Connor, O'Brien was a child when his parents emigrated to Scotland. After earning a degree in science from the University of Edinburgh in 1959, he entered the diocesan seminary there and was ordained a priest in 1965. He served a succession of parochial assignments until 1978, when he was appointed spiritual director of St. Andrew's College, Drygrange. In 1980, he was appointed rector of St. Mary's College, Blairs. Pope John Paul II appointed him archbishop of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh in 1985, and created him a cardinal in 2003. O'Brien caused a stir when, the day after his appointment to College of Cardinals, he spoke favorably of a more open attitude toward married priests, homosexual priests, and contraception. He was forced to retract his statements a week later.

Okogie, Anthony Olubunmi (born June 16, 1936), cardinal priest of Beata Vergine Maria del Monte Carmelo a Mostacciano, Archbishop of Lagos. A native of Lagos, Okogie was educated at the minor and major seminaries in Ibadan and the Pontifical Urbanian University in Rome, where he earned a licentiate in theology, and ordained a priest in 1966. After ordination, he held a series of pastoral assignments before being appointed auxiliary bishop of Oyo in 1971. Two years later, at the relatively young age of thirty-six, he was promoted to the archbishopric of Lagos. He was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2003.

Ortega y Alamino, Jaime Lucas (born October 18, 1936), cardinal priest of Sante Aquila e Priscilla, Archbishop of San Cristóbal de La Habana (Havana). Born in Jagüey Grande, Cuba, Ortega y Alamino was ordained a priest for his native diocese of Matanzas in 1964 after studies in the San Alberto Magno Seminary in Matanzas and the Seminary for Priests of the Foreign Missions in Québec, Canada. After ordination"with the exception of the period between 1966 and 1967 when he was interned in a labor camp by the Castro government"Ortega y Alamino served in a variety of pastoral ministries in Matanzas and Havana until 1978, when he was appointed bishop of Pinar del Rio. In 1981, he was promoted to the metropolitan see of San Cristóbal de La Habana. He was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1994. In 1998, he hosted the pope's historic visit to Cuba.

Ouellet, Marc (born June 8, 1944), cardinal priest of Santa Maria in Traspontina, Archbishop of Québec. One of the eight children of a pious school principal and his wife, Ouellet was born in Lamotte, Québec. He received his education at the Collège de Berthier and the École Normale in Amos, Québec, the University of Laval (where he received a bachelor's degree in education), the Major Seminary of Montréal (licentiate in theology), the Pontifical University of St. Thomas Aquinas in Rome (licentiate in philosophy), and the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome (doctorate in theology). Ordained a priest for the diocese of Amos in 1968, he served as a parochial vicar until 1972, when he joined the Society of Priests of St. Sulpice. He subsequently taught and directed several seminaries in Colombia before returning to Canada as rector of the Major Seminaries of Montréal (1989-1994) and Edmunton (1994-1997). From 1997 until his 2001 appointment as a bishop and secretary of the Pontifical Council for the Promotion of Christian Unity, he was a professor at the Pope John Paul II Institute for Studies of Marriage and the Family and a member of the editorial board of the North American edition of the international theological review Communio. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Québec in 2002, he was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II the following year.

Panafieu, Bernard Louis Auguste Paul (born January 26, 1931), cardinal priest of San Gregorio Barbarigo alle Tre Fontane, Archbishop of Marseille. Panafieu, the son of a prosperous banker, was born in Châtellerault, near Poiters. He was ordained a priest for the archdiocese of Albi in 1956 after studies at seminaries in Albi and Issy-les-Moulineaux. He served as a parochial vicar, university chaplain, and parish priest until 1974, when he was appointed auxiliary bishop of Annecy. In 1978, he was promoted to the metropolitan archbishopric of Aix. He was transferred to Marseille as coadjutor archbishop in 1994, succeeding that immediately subject archdiocese the following year. He became a metropolitan again in 2002, when Marseille was raised to the rank of a metropolitan church. He was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2003.

Paskai, László (born May 8, 1927), cardinal priest of Santa Teresa al Corso d'Italia, Archbishop Emeritus of Esztergom-Budapest. A native Szeged, Hungary, Paskai joined the Order of Friars Minor (the Franciscans) and received his training in houses of that religious congregation in Gyongas and Budapest. Ordained a priest in 1951, he earned a doctorate in theology from the Academy of Budapest the following year. He subsequently taught at the seminaries of Szeged and Budapest, serving as the rector of the later from 1973 to 1978. In 1978, he was appointed bishop and apostolic administrator of Veszprém. The following year, he was appointed bishop of Veszprém. In 1983, he was promoted to be the coadjutor archbishop of Kalocsa, serving also as president of the Hungarian Bishops' Conference between 1986 and 1989. In 1987, he was transferred to the primatial see of Esztergom. Created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1988, he became archbishop of Esztergom-Budapest in 1993 when the name of the archdiocese was changed. Upon reaching the retirement age for bishops, he resigned the pastoral governance of his see in 2002.

Pell, George (born June 8, 1941), cardinal priest of Santa Maria Domenica Mazzarello, Archbishop of Sydney. Born in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia, Pell was educated at the interdiocesan seminary in Melbourne, the Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum in Rome (where he received a licentiate in theology), Oxford University (doctorate in philosophy), and Monash University in Clayton, Australia (master's degree in education). Ordained a priest in 1966, he served in a variety of parochial and educational posts until 1987, when he was appointed auxiliary bishop of Melbourne. Appointed to chair the committee establishing the new Catholic University in Australia, he served as the institution's pro-chancellor (1991-1995) and board president (from 1996). In the early 1990s, at the instance of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples, he served as apostolic visitor to seminaries of New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Oceania, and Indonesia. Promoted to the metropolitan archbishopric of Melbourne in 1996, he was transferred to the metropolitan see of Sydney in 2001. Accused of sexual misconduct in 2002, he was cleared by an independent commission. Pell was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2003. He is currently president of the "Vox Clara" Committee overseeing translations of liturgical texts into English.

Pengo, Polycarp (born August 5, 1944), cardinal priest of Nostra Signora de La Salette, Archbishop of Dar-es-Salaam. Born in Mwayze in the then-Tanganyika, Pengo was educated in local seminaries and ordained a priest for his home diocese of Sumbawanga in 1971. After serving two years as secretary to the diocesan bishop, he was sent to Rome for further studies, eventually earning a doctorate in moral theology from the Accademia Alfonsiana at the Pontifical Lateran University. Returning to Tanzania in 1977, he taught at the seminaries of Kipalapala and Segerea, also serving as rector of the latter. In 1983, he was appointed bishop of Nachingwea. In 1986, he was transferred to the diocese of Tunduru-Masasi. Promoted to be coadjutor archbishop of Dar-es-Salaam in 1990, he succeeded to the metropolitan see in 1992. He was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1998.

Pham Minh Mån, Jean-Baptiste (born in 1934), cardinal priest of San Giustino, Archbishop of Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon). Born in Ca Mau, near Can Tho in the Mekong delta of Vietnam, Pham Minh Mån was educated in the minor seminary of Can Tho and St. Joseph's Seminary in Saigon and ordained a priest for the diocese of Can Tho in 1965. He taught at the minor seminary in Can Tho for three years before spending 1968-1971 pursuing further studies in the United States. Returning to his diocese, he was again a professor at the minor seminary until the Communist invasion of 1975 shut down the institution. When the regime lifted some of its controls in the late 1980s, he served as rector of the major seminary opened in Can Tho to serve that diocese and the neighboring dioceses of Vinh Long and Long Xuyên. With the assent of the government, he was appointed coadjutor bishop of My Tho in 1993. In 1998, he was promoted to the metropolitan see of Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon). When he was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2003, the authorities accused the Holy See of violating the modus vivendi by not seeking its assent before publishing the nomination.

Poletto, Severino (born March 18, 1933), cardinal priest of San Giuseppe in Via Trionfale, Archbishop of Turin. The youngest of eleven children, Poletto was born in Salgareda, near Treviso, and studied at the seminaries of Treviso and Casale Monferrato, before earning a licentiate in moral theology from the Accademia Alfonsiana of the Pontifical Lateran University in Rome. Ordained a priest in 1957, he served in a succession of pastoral ministries before being appointed coadjutor bishop of Fossano in 1980. He succeeded to the see shortly thereafter. In 1989, he was transferred to the bishopric of Asti. Promoted to the archbishopric of Turin in 1999, he was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2001.

Policarpo, José da Cruz (born February 26, 1936), cardinal priest of Sant'Antonio in Campo Marzio, Patriarch of Lisbon. A native of the town of Alvorninha, near Lisbon, Policarpo was educated in local seminaries before obtaining his doctorate in theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome. Ordained a priest in 1961, he joined the theological faculty of the Catholic University of Portugal, serving two terms as dean of the faculty (1974-1980, 1985-1988) and two as rector of the university (1988-1992, 1992-1996). Appointed auxiliary bishop of Lisbon 1978, he was promoted to coadjutor archbishop in 1997. He succeeded to the see as the 16th patriarch of Lisbon in 1998. Policarpo was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2001.

Pompedda, Mario Francesco (born April 18, 1929), cardinal deacon of Annunciazione della Beata Vergine Maria a Via Ardeatina, Prefect Emeritus of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura. Raised by a single mother in Ozieri, Sardinia, Pompedda studied at the archiepiscopal seminary of Sassari and the regional seminary of Cagliari, before going on to Rome where he earn a doctorate in theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University, a licentiate in sacred scripture from the Pontifical Biblical Institute, and a doctorate in canon and civil law ("utriusque iuris") from the Pontifical Lateran University. He also qualified as a lawyer before the Tribunal of the Roman Rota. Ordained a priest for the Vicariate of Vatican City in 1951, he worked at the Rota from 1955. Appointed a prelate auditor (judge) by Pope Paul VI in 1969, he became dean of the tribunal in 1993; that same year, he was also appointed president of the Appellate Court of the Vatican City State. During these years, in addition to his judicial duties, he taught at the Rota's Studium as well as the canon law faculties of the Pontifical Gregorian University and the Roman Athenaeum (now the Pontifical University) of the Holy Cross. He was raised to the archiepiscopate in 1997. In 1999, he was appointed prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura and president of the Court of Cassation of the Vatican City State. Pope John Paul II created him a cardinal in 2001. He retired in 2004. Pompedda is also the grand prior of the Sacred Military Constantinian Order of St. George.

Poupard, Paul (born August 30, 1930), cardinal priest of Santa Prassede, President of the Pontifical Council for Culture. Born in Bouzillé, France, Poupard was educated at the Seminary of Angers and the Sorbonne, where he earned doctorates in theology and history. Ordained a priest in 1954, he worked in the Secretariat of State from 1959 to 1972. He was rector of the Institut Catholique in Paris from 1972 until 1980. In 1979, he was appointed auxiliary bishop of Paris. A year later, he was promoted to the archiepiscopal dignity and appointed pro-president of the Secretariat for Non-Believers at the Vatican. From 1982, he was also president of the executive committee of the Pontifical Council for Culture. Created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1985, he became president of the same dicastery. He was appointed president of the Pontifical Council for Culture in 1988. When the reorganization of the Roman Curia merged his two dicasteries in 1993, he continued as the president of the newly configured Pontifical Council for Culture.

Pujats, Janis (born November 14, 1930), cardinal priest of Santa Silvia, Archbishop of Riga. Born in Nautreni, Latvia, Pujats was studying at the seminary in Riga when the institution was closed by Soviet authorities in January 1951. Two months later, although barely twenty-years-old, he was secretly ordained a priest by Archbishop Antonijs Springovics of Riga. From then until the breakup of the Soviet bloc in 1989, he carried out various pastoral responsibilities under difficult circumstances, often without communication with the outside world"the liturgical changes of the Second Vatican Council, for example, were only implemented in Latvia in the 1990s, when a Latvian missal, translated by Pujats, was published. When Latvia regained its independence in 1991, Pujats was appointed archbishop of Riga. He was created a cardinal in pectore by Pope John Paul II in 1998, his nomination being published in 2001.

Puljic, Vinko (born September 8, 1945), cardinal priest of Santa Chiara a Vigna Clara, Archbishop of Vrhbosna (Sarajevo). Born in Prijecani, near Banja Luka in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Puljic was ordained a priest in 1970, after studies at the seminaries of Zagreb and Djakovo. He held a series of pastoral and seminary assignments. Appointed archbishop of Vrhbosna (Sarajevo) in 1990, his creation as a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1994 was in part a tribute to the plight of the Bosnian capital during the conflicts that tore the former Yugoslavia apart in the early 1990s. The youngest member of the College of Cardinals at the time of his nomination and currently its third-youngest member, Puljic is potentially an elector through 2025.

Quezada Toruño, Rodolfo (born March 8, 1932), cardinal priest of San Saturnino, Archbishop of Guatemala. Born in Guatemala City, Quezada Toruño was educated at the San José Seminary in San Salvador, El Salvador, the University of Innsbruck (where he received a licentiate in theology), and the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome (where he earned a doctorate in canon law). Ordained a priest in 1956, he served successively as a parochial vicar, university chaplain, parish priest, shrine director, seminary rector, and university professor. Appointed auxiliary bishop of Zacapa in 1972, he was promoted to coadjutor bishop in 1975, and succeeded to the see in 1980. In 1986, he was appointed bishop-prelate of the Santo Cristo de Esquipulas. As a member and later president of the National Reconciliation Commission, Quezada Toruño played a significant role alongside his confrère Bishop Juan Gerardi"who was assassinated in 1998"in bringing an end to the more than three decades of civil conflict in Guatemala. Between 1990 and 1994, he was the official negotiator between the government and the rebels and, in 1994, became the president of the Assembly of Civil Society. Quezada Toruño was promoted to the metropolitan see of Guatemala in 2001 and created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2003.

Ratzinger, Joseph (born April 16, 1927), cardinal bishop of Ostia and of Velletri-Segni, Dean of the College of Cardinals and Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. He was ordained a priest in 1951, after studies at the Superior School of Philosophy and Theology in Freising and the University of Münich. Ordained with him was his brother Georg Ratzinger, a noted musician who was a long-time kapellmeister of the cathedral in Regensburg. After further studies"he was to earn both a doctorate and the German post-doctoral Habilitation degree in theology"he was a professor successively at the Superior School of Philosophy and Theology in Freising (1952-1959), the University of Bonn (1959-1963), the University of Münster (1963-1969), the University of Tübingen (1966-1969), and the University of Ratisbon (Regensburg), where he was also vice-president (1969-1977). He was a peritus, or official expert, at the Second Vatican Council. After the council, he collaborated with the influential progressive theological journal Concilium, but growing dissatisfied with its increasing politicization, he helped found the international theological journal Communio with Hans Urs von Balthasar and others. Appointed Archbishop of Münich and Freising in 1977, he was created a cardinal by Paul VI that same year. At the request of Pope John Paul II, he resigned his archdiocese in 1981, and came to the Vatican as prefect of the Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and president of the Pontifical Biblical Commission and of the International Theological Commission, the first professional academic theologian to occupy these offices. In his curial role, he has been singled out as for primary responsibility for the theological orientations of John Paul II's long pontificate and is often blamed by the popular press for the increasingly rigorous discipline imposed on certain theologians. Despite his official responsibilities, Ratzinger has not ceased his own private theological research and publication, thus creating another source of tension as some critics have charged that there is not a clear distinction between his private theological speculation and the demands of his position. He was elected and confirmed as Dean of the College of Cardinals in 2002.

Razafindratandra, Armand Gaétan (born August 7, 1925), cardinal priest of Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti, Archbishop of Antananarivo. Born in Ambohimalaza, Madagascar, into a family that had been prominent among the local nobility before the advent of French colonialism in 1895, Razafindratandra was ordained a priest in 1954 after studies at local seminaries. After further studies at the Institut Catholique in Paris, he served in a variety of pastoral and educational positions from 1956 until 1978, when he was appointed bishop of Mahajanga. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Antanarivo in 1994, he was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II that same year.

Re, Giovanni Battista (born January 30, 1934), cardinal bishop of Sabina-Poggio Mirteto, Prefect of the Congregation for Bishops. Born in Brescia, he studied at the diocesan seminary there before transferring to the Pontifical French Seminary in Rome to continue his schooling. Ordained a priest in 1957, he earned a doctorate in canon law at the Pontifical Gregorian University and, after a brief pastoral stint in Brescia, finished his studies at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy. Joining the diplomatic service of the Holy See in 1963, he served successively at the apostolic nunciatures in Panama and Iran, before returning to Rome to serve as the secretary to the then-Sostituto Giovanni Benelli. In 1979, he was appoint Assessor of the Secretariat of State. In 1987, he was appointed secretary of the Congregation for Bishops and elevated to the rank of archbishop. In 1989, he returned to the Secretariat of State as Sostituto. In 2000, he was appointed prefect of the Congregation for Bishops and president of the Pontifical Commission for Latin America. He was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2001.

Rigali, Justin Francis (born April 19, 1935), cardinal priest of Santa Prisca, Archbishop of Philadelphia. Rigali was born in Los Angeles, California, the youngest of the seven children of a pious family"his sister Charlotte is a nun, while his brother Norbert is a Jesuit priest. Ordained a priest in 1961 after studies at Los Angeles College, Our Lady Queen of Angels Seminary in San Fernando, and St. John's College and Seminary in Camarillo, he was sent to the Pontifical North American College in Rome for graduate studies, eventually earning a doctorate in canon law from the Pontifical Gregorian University. From 1964 to 1966, while studying at the postgraduate Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy, he worked in the Secretariat of State. Entering the diplomatic service of the Holy See, he served at the nunciature in Madagascar from 1966 until 1970, when he became director of the English-language section of the Secretariat of State. During his tenure in the Secretariat of State, he served as English translator to Popes Paul VI and John Paul II, accompanying them on various trips abroad. In 1985, he was appointed president of the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy and raised to the rank of archbishop. In 1989, he was appointed secretary of the Congregation for Bishops and, in early 1990, also secretary of the College of Cardinals. In 1994, he was appointed metropolitan archbishop of St. Louis, Missouri. During his episcopate there, Pope John Paul II stopped by for a one-day visit while en route back to Rome from Latin America, the only such visit to a single United States diocese during the papacy. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Philadelphia in 2003, he was created a cardinal by John Paul II shortly thereafter.

Rivera Carrera, Norberto (born June 6, 1942), cardinal priest of San Francesco d'Assisi a Ripa Grande, Archbishop of Mexico City. Born in La Purísima, Mexico, into a devout Catholic family"one sister is a nun"Rivera Carrera was ordained a priest in 1966 after studies at the seminary of Durango and the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, where he earned a licentiate in theology. Returning to his home diocese in 1967, he taught at the seminary for eighteen years and founded a lay movement "Jornadas de Vida Cristiana." He also taught at the Pontifical University of Mexico and served on the Episcopal Commission for the Laity. Appointed bishop of Tehuacán in 1985, he also served as apostolic visitor for the diocesan and religious seminaries of Mexico. He was promoted to metropolitan and primatial see of Mexico City in 1995. Rivera Carrera was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1998.

Rodríguez Maradiaga, Oscar Andrés (born December 29, 1942), cardinal priest of Santa Maria della Speranza, Archbishop of Tegucigalpa. A native of Tegucigalpa, Honduras, Rodríguez Maradiaga joined the Salesians of Don Bosco at the age of eighteen and received his education at the Don Rua Institute in San Salvador, El Salvador, where he earned a doctorate in philosophy, as well as in Rome at the Pontifical Salesian University (doctorate in theology) and the Accademia Alfonsiana of the Pontifical Lateran University (doctorate in moral theology). He also earned a diploma in clinical psychology and psychotherapy from the University of Innsbruck and studied piano at the Conservatory of San Salvador. Ordained a priest in 1970, he taught at various institutes run by his religious congregation in Guatemala as well as the private Francisco Marroquín University in Guatemala City. Appointed auxiliary bishop of Tegucigalpa in 1978, he also served as apostolic administrator of the diocese of Santa Rosa de Copá from 1981 to 1984. From 1987 until 1991, he served as secretary-general of the Episcopal Council of Latin America (CELAM). Promoted to the metropolitan see of Tegucigalpa in 1993, he also served as apostolic administrator of the diocese of San Pedro Sula from 1993 until 1995. He was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2001.

Rouco Varela, Antonio María (born August 24, 1936), cardinal priest of San Lorenzo in Damaso, Archbishop of Madrid. Born in Villalba in central Spain, Rouco Varela studied at the Seminary of Mondoñedo and the Pontifical University of Salamanca, where he earned a licentiate in theology. Ordained a priest in 1959, he was sent for advanced studies at the University of Munich, where he received a doctorate in canon law. After a brief stint as a faculty member teaching fundamental theology and canon law at the Seminary of Mondoñedo, he embarked on a university career, teaching at the Universities of Munich (1966-1969) and Salamanca (1971-1976), also serving as vice-rector of the latter from 1972 until 1976. Appointed auxiliary bishop of Santiago de Compostela in 1976, he became apostolic administrator of the see in 1983 and its metropolitan archbishop in 1984. He was transferred to the metropolitan see of Madrid in 1994. Rouco Varela was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1998.

Rubiano Sáenz, Pedro (born September 13, 1932), cardinal priest of Trasfigurazione di Nostro Signore Gesù Cristo, Archbishop of Bogotá. Born in Cartago, Colombia, Rubiano Sáenz was educated at the seminary of Popayán, Colombia, the University of Laval, Québec, the Catholic University of America, Washington, and the Latin American Institute of Social Doctrine and Studies (ILADES), Santiago de Chile. Ordained a priest in 1956 for the diocese of Cali, he held a number of pastoral positions. Appointed bishop of Cúcuta in 1971, he was promoted to coadjutor archbishop of Cali in 1983, succeeding to the metropolitan see in 1985. Rubiano Sáenz was transferred to the metropolitan see of Bogotá in 1994 and created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2001.

Ruini, Camillo (born February 19, 1931), cardinal priest of Sant'Agnese fuori le mure, Vicar General of His Holiness for the Diocese of Rome and Archpriest of the Patriarchal Lateran Archbasilica of Our Savior and Sts. John the Baptist and John the Evangelist. From Sassuolo, near Reggio Emilia, Ruini was educated in the seminary of Reggio Emilia and the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, where he earned a doctorate in theology. Ordained a priest in 1954, he served on the faculty of the seminary in Reggio Emilia from 1957 until 1968, when it merged to become the Inter-Diocesan Theological Seminary of Modena-Reggio Emilia, which he served as the director of from 1968 until 1977. From 1977 until 1983, he taught at the Theological Faculty in Bologna. In 1983, he was appointed auxiliary bishop of Reggio Emilia. In 1986, he became secretary general of the Italian Episcopal Conference. Promoted to archbishop in 1991, he was appointed pro-vicar general of the diocese of Rome and president of the Italian Episcopal Conference. Created a cardinal by John Paul II in 1991, he was appointed Vicar General of His Holiness for the diocese of Rome and Archpriest of the Lateran Archbasilica, the cathedral church of the Eternal City.

Sandoval Íñiguez, Juan (born March 28, 1933), cardinal priest of Nostra Signora di Guadalupe e San Filippo Martire in Via Aurelia, Archbishop of Guadalajara. A native of Yahualica, Mexico, Sandoval Íñiguez was educated at the Seminary of Guadalajara and the Pontifical Gregorian University, where he eventually received a doctorate in theology. Ordained a priest in 1957, he returned to Mexico after completing his studies, serving as a seminary professor in Guadalajara (1961-1971) and a seminary rector in Tapalpa (1971-1988). Appointed coadjutor bishop of Ciudad Juárez in 1988, he succeeded to the see in 1992. He was promoted to the metropolitan archbishopric of Guadalajara in 1994. He was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1994. On March 12, 2005, John Paul appointed Sandoval Íñiguez one of the three president-delegates (along with Cardinals Francis Arinze and Telesphore Placidus Toppo) of the 11th ordinary general assembly of the Synod of Bishops scheduled for October 2005.

Saraiva Martins, José (born January 6, 1932), cardinal deacon of Nostra Signora del Sacro Cuore, Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints. Saraiva Martins was born in Gagos, Portugal, the sixth of eight children. Joining the Congregation of the Missionary Sons of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (the Claretians) at an early age, he made his religious profession in 1950. He studied at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, where he received his licentiate in theology. He eventually earned a doctorate in theology from the Pontifical Unviersity of St. Thomas Aquinas in Rome and a doctorate in philosophy from the Gabriele d'Annunzio University in Chieti, Italy. Ordained a priest in 1957, he served as professor of metaphysics at the Claretian seminary for Italy in Marino (1958-1959) and, in Rome, as professor of dogmatic theology at the Claretian Institute of the Pontifical Lateran University (1959-1969) and professor of dogmatic theology at the Pontifical Urbanian University (1969-1988). At the Urbanian University, he was also dean of theological faculty (1974-1977) and rettore magnifico (1977-1988). He was appointed secretary of the Congregation for Catholic Education in 1988 and elevated to the archiepiscopate. In 1998, he was appointed prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints. Pope John Paul II created him a cardinal in 2001.

Scheid, Eusébio Oscar (born December 8, 1932), cardinal priest of Santi Bonifacio e Alessio, Archbishop of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro. As his surname and the name of his Brazilian hometown, Luzerna, imply, Scheid hails from a family of Swiss-German origins. Joining the Congregation of the Priests of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (the Dehonians), he studied at the religious community's seminary in Córupa, Brazil, and the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, where he received his doctorate in dogmatic theology. Ordained a priest in 1960, he served as a theology professor at Brazilian various seminaries and universities for two decades until his appointment as bishop of São José dos Campos in 1981. Promoted to the metropolitan see of Florianópolis in 1991, he was transferred to metropolitan see of São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro in 2001. Scheid was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2003.

von Schönborn, Christoph Maria Michael Hugo Damian Peter Adalbert (born January 22, 1945), cardinal priest of Gesù Divin Lavoratore, Archbishop of Vienna. Born Graf ("Count") von Schönborn at the family estate of Skalsko in what is now the Czech Republic, he entered the Order of Preachers (the Dominicans) in 1963. After studies in Dominican institutions Germany and France, he earned a doctorate in theology and pursued post-graduate studies at the University of Paris-Sorbonne and the Institut Catholique in Paris. He was ordained a priest in 1970. After a brief period as a university chaplain in Graz, Austria, he was appointed professor of theology at the University of Fribourg, Switzerland. From 1987 to 1992, he served as the secretary of the commission of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith charged with editing the Catechism of the Catholic Church. In 1991, he was appointed auxiliary bishop of Vienna, becoming coadjutor archbishop in 1995. He succeeded to the see in 1996. He was elected president of the Austrian Episcopal Conference in 1998, and was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II that same year. The second youngest member of the College of Cardinals at the time of his appointment (and now its fourth youngest member), Schönborn is often spoken of as a possible contender for the papacy, if not in the next conclave, then perhaps in the one after"he is potentially an elector until 2025.

Schwery, Henri (born June 14, 1932), cardinal priest of Santi Protomartiri a Via Aurelia Antica, Bishop Emeritus of Sion. Born in Saint-Léonard, a village in southern Switzerland best known for having one of the largest subterranean lakes in Europe, Schwery was the youngest of eleven children. After studies at the seminary in Sion, Switzerland, and the Pontifical French Seminary in Rome, where he lodged while pursuing theological studies at the Pontifical Gregorian University, Schwery was ordained a priest in 1957. After ordination, he was sent to the University of Fribourg, where he earned a diploma in mathematics and physics. Working in his home diocese of Sion from 1961 until 1977, he exercised a variety of different ministries simultaneously, including chaplain to the students of Catholic Action (1958-1966), military chaplain (1958-1977), high school teacher (1961-1972), high school principal (1972-1977), rector of a minor seminary (1968-1972), and moderator of the diocesan synod (1973-1976). Appointed bishop of Sion in 1977, he was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1991. He resigned the pastoral governance of his see in 1995.

Scola, Angelo (born November 7, 1941), cardinal priest of Santi XII Apostoli, Patriarch of Venice. A native Malgrate, near Milan, Scola earned a doctorate in philosophy from the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart in Milan before entering, successively, the seminaries of Saronno and Venegono. He was ordained a priest in 1970 for the Diocese of Teramo. He subsequently earned a doctorate in theology from the University of Fribourg and pursued advanced studies at Münich and Paris. He held a succession of academic posts at the University of Fribourg, the John Paul II Institute for Studies of Marriage and the Family in Rome, and the Pontifical Lateran University in Rome, as well as the editorship of the Italian edition of the international theological review Communio. Appointed bishop of Grosseto in 1991, he resigned the see when he was appointed rector of the Lateran University in 1995. Promoted to the patriarchate of Venice in 2002, he was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2003. Recently Scola has taken an increasing interest in inter-religious dialogue with Islam, launching a new journal, Oasis, that is published simultaneously in English, Arabic, and Urdu. On March 12, 2005, John Paul appointed Scola relator-general of the 11th ordinary general assembly of the Synod of Bishops scheduled for October 2005.

Sebastiani, Sergio (born April 11, 1932), cardinal deacon of San Eustachio, President of the Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See. A native of Montemonaco, Italy, Sebastiani studied at the episcopal seminary of Ascoli Piceno, and the archiepiscopal seminary of Fermo as well as the Pontifical Gregorian University, where he earned his licentiate in theology. After ordination to the priesthood for the archdiocese of Fermo in 1956, he went on to earn a doctorate in canon law from the Pontifical Lateran University and studied at the postgraduate Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy. Entering the diplomatic service of the Holy See in 1960, he served at the nunciatures in Peru, Brazil, and Chile. Returning to Rome in 1967, he served as personal secretary to Cardinal Amleto Giovanni Cicognani and Jean Villot, successive secretaries of state. In 1974, he was posted to nunciature in France and accredited to the Council of Europe. In 1976, Sebastiani was appointed apostolic pro-nuncio in Madagascar (with accreditation in Mauritius as well) and apostolic delegate in La Reunion and the Comorros and elevated to the archiepiscopate. He was transferred to the nunciature in Turkey in 1985. Recalled to the Vatican in 1994, he was appointed secretary-general of the Central Committee for the Great Jubilee of the Year 2000. In 1997, he was appointed president of the Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See. He was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2001.

Sepe, Crescenzio (born June 2, 1943), cardinal deacon of Dio Padre misericordioso, Prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples. Born in Carinaro in southern Italy, Sepe studied at the Seminary of Aversa, the Pontifical Regional Seminary of Salerno, and the Pontifical Roman Seminary, before being ordained a priest in 1967. He earned a doctorate in theology and a licentiate in canon law from the Pontifical Lateran University and then taught at that institution and the Pontifical Urban University while earning a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Rome "La Sapienza." After advanced studies at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy, he entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See and served as secretary of the nunciature in Brazil from 1972 to 1975, when he returned to work at the Secretariat of State. In 1987, he was appointed Assessor for General Affairs of the Secretariat of State. In 1992, he was appointed Secretary of the Congregation for the Clergy and consecrated an archbishop by Pope John Paul II. In 1997 he was appointed secretary-general of the Committee for the Great Jubilee of the Year 2000. Created a cardinal by John Paul II in 2001, he was appointed prefect of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples.

Shirayanagi, Peter Seiichi (born June 17, 1928), cardinal priest of Sant'Emerenziana a Tor Fiorenza, Archbishop of Tokyo. Born in Hachioji, near Tokyo, Shirayanagi studied philosophy and theology at Sophia University in Tokyo and was ordained a priest in 1954. After several years in pastoral work, he was sent for further studies in Rome, where he earned a doctorate from the Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum of the Propaganda Fide in 1960. Returning to Japan, he was a close collaborator of the archbishop of Tokyo, Cardinal Peter Tatsuo Doi. In 1966, he was appointed auxiliary bishop of Tokyo and, three years later, promoted to coadjutor archbishop with the right of succession. Succeeding to the metropolitan see of Tokyo in 1970, he carried on it predecessor's innovative archdiocesan convention, which involved clergy and laity collaborating to implement the directives of the Second Vatican Council. As archbishop of the Japanese capital, Shirayanagi reached out to other churches in Asia, developing programs to help them with the resources at his disposal. In 1989, he began organizing a groups of clergy, religious, and laity to visit mainland China, both the promote reconciliation with Japan and, within China, to promote dialogue between the state-sanctioned "Patriotic Catholic Association" and the "underground" Church. Created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1994, he resigned the pastoral governance of his see in 2000.

Simonis, Adrianus Johannes (born November 26, 1931), cardinal priest of San Clemente, Archbishop of Utrecht. Born in Lisse, Simonis was ordained a priest for the diocese of Rotterdam in 1957, after studies at the seminaries of Hagenveld and Warmond. After two years of pastoral ministry, he was sent for advanced studies in Rome, where he earned a doctorate in biblical studies from the Pontifical Biblical Institute for a dissertation on the Good Shepherd in the Gospel of John. Returning to the Netherlands in 1966, he held a series of pastoral charges in quick succession before being appointed bishop of Rotterdam in 1970. In 1983, he was promoted to be coadjutor archbishop of Utrecht, succeeding to the see a few months later. He was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1985.

Sin, Jaime Lachica (born August 31, 1928), cardinal priest of Santa Maria ai Monti, Archbishop Emeritus of Manila. Born in New Washington in the Western Visayas in the southern Philippines, Sin was ordained a priest in 1954 after completing studies at the San Vicente Ferrer Seminary in Jaro. For three years he served as diocesan missioner for the diocese of Capiz traveling among the hills of the diocese. In 1957, he was appointed first rector of the St. Pius X Seminary in Roxas City. Appointed auxiliary bishop of Jaro in 1967, he became apostolic administrator of the archdiocese in 1970. Promoted to coadjutor archbishop of Jaro in 1972, he succeeded to the see seven months later. Transferred to the metropolitan see of Manila in 1974, he was created a cardinal by Pope Paul VI in 1976 and is one of only three Pauline electors left in the College of Cardinals (the others are Cardinals William Wakefield Baum and Joseph Ratzinger). He participated in both conclaves of 1978. An outspoken advocate of the Filipino people as well as traditional morality, he played a decisive role in the "people power" revolutions that drove Presidents Ferdinand Marcos (1986) and Joseph Estrada (2001) from power. He hosted the 10th World Youth Day celebration in 1995, during which occasion over four million people took part in Pope John Paul II's closing Mass in Manila's Rizal Park. Having reached the retirement age, Sin resigned the pastoral governance of his archdiocese in 2003.

Sodano, Angelo (born November 23, 1927), cardinal bishop of Albano, Secretary of State and Vice-Dean of the College of Cardinals. Hailing from near Asti, his father was a deputy in the Italian Parliament. He studied at the seminary in Asti and was ordained a priest in 1950, he worked in pastoral assignments in his native diocese, including teaching at its seminary. Pursuing graduate studies in Rome, he studied at the Pontifical Gregorian University, the Pontifical Lateran University, and the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy, the post-graduate institute for training the Vatican's diplomats, earning doctorates in theology and canon law. Entering the diplomatic service of the Holy See, he served at the apostolic nunciatures in Ecuador, Uruguay, and Chile, as well as the Council for Public Affairs of the Church, as the Vatican's "foreign office" was called at the time. In 1977, he was appointed apostolic nuncio to Chile and elevated to the rank of archbishop. In 1988, he was recalled to Rome as secretary of the Council for the Public Affairs of the Church, which, after the curial reorganization the following year, became known as the Section for Relations with States of the Secretariat of State. In 1990, he was appointed pro-secretary of state. Created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1991, he was appointed secretary of state. He was elected Vice-Dean of the College of Cardinals in 2002.

Stafford, James Francis (born July 26, 1932), cardinal deacon of Gesù Buon Pastore alla Montagnola, Major Penitentiary of the Holy Roman Church. A native of Baltimore, Maryland, he attended Loyola College and St. Mary's Seminary in that city before being sent to complete his education at the Pontifical North American College in Rome, where he earned a licentiate in theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University. Ordained a priest in 1957, he returned to his home diocese where he held several pastoral assignments before being sent to the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., where he earned a master's degree in social work in 1964. Returning once more to Baltimore, he served as director of Catholic Charities until 1976, when he was appointed auxiliary bishop of Baltimore by Pope Paul VI. He was transferred to Memphis, Tennessee, as bishop in 1982. In 1986, he was promoted by Pope John Paul II to the archbishopric of Denver, Colorado. In 1993, he successfully hosted the World Youth Day. Summoned to the Vatican in 1996, he was appointed president of the Pontifical Council for the Laity. He was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1998. In 2003, he was transferred to the Apostolic Penitentiary as Major Penitentiary of the Holy Roman Church.

Sterzinsky, Georg Maximilian (born February 9, 1936), cardinal priest of San Giuseppe all'Aurelio, Archbishop of Berlin. Born in Warlock, which was then in a part of the German Reich, Sterzinsky was forced to move with his family to Thüringen after World War II. After studies at the regional seminary in Erfürt, he was ordained a priest for the apostolic administration of Erfürt-Meiningen in 1960. After ordination, he held various pastoral offices, including fifteen years as pastor of the parish of St. John the Baptist in Jena, the largest parochial community in the then East Germany. Appointed bishop of Berlin in 1989, he was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1991. He became archbishop when Berlin was transformed into a metropolitan see in 1994.

Suárez Rivera, Adolfo Antonio (born January 9, 1927), cardinal priest of Nostra Signora di Guadalupe a Monte Mario, Archbishop Emeritus of Monterrey. Born in San Cristóbal de las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico, Suárez Rivera studied at the seminaries of Chiapas and Xalapa as well as the Pontifical Montezuma Seminary in New Mexico before earning a doctorate in theology at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome. Ordained a priest in 1952, he returned to Mexico where he served as spiritual director and professor at the seminary of Chiapa for a decade and a chancery official for another ten years. In 1971, he was appointed bishop of Tepic. In 1980, he was transferred to the diocese of Tlalnepantla. In 1983, he was promoted to the metropolitan archbishopric of Monterrey. Suárez Rivera was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1994. He retired in 2003.

Szoka, Edmund Casimir (born September 14, 1927), cardinal priest of Santi Andrea e Gregorio al Monte Celio, President of the Pontifical Commission for the Vatican City State and of the Governorate of the Vatican City State. The son of Polish immigrants, Szoka was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Ordained a priest in 1954 after studies at St. Paul's Seminary in Grand Rapids and St. John's Seminary in Plymouth, Michigan, he subsequently earned a licentiate in canon law from the Pontifical Urbanian University. Szoka held a variety of pastoral and administrative offices in the diocese of Marquette, Michigan, before being appointed bishop of Gaylord, Michigan, in 1971. He was promoted to the metropolitan see of Detroit in 1981 and created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1988. In 1990, he was brought to Rome as president of the Prefecture for the Economic Affairs of the Holy See. In 1997, he was appointed president of of the Pontifical Commission for the Vatican City State and, after the constitutional reorganization of the city state in 2001, was also appointed president of its Governorate.

Tauran, Jean-Louis (born April 5, 1943), cardinal deacon of Sant'Apollinare alle Terme Neroniane-Alessandrine, Librarian and Archivist of the Holy Roman Church, formerly Secretary for Relations with States. A native of Bordeaux, he was ordained a priest in 1969, after studies at the Pontifical French Seminary and the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome. After completing advanced studies at the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy, he entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See and held various offices in the Secretariat of State. In 1990, he was appointed Secretary for Relations with States and was ordained an archbishop the following year. Serving effectively as the Vatican foreign minister, he was one of the principle architects of the redirection of the Holy See's diplomatic activity after the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe. He was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2003, and appointed Librarian and Archivist of the Holy Roman Church.

Terrazas Sandoval, Julio (born March 7, 1936), cardinal priest of San Giovanni Battista de'Rossi, Archbishop of Santa Cruz de la Sierra. Born in Vallegrande, Bolivia, Terrazas Sandoval joined the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer (the Redemptorists) and studied at that religious community's seminaries in Chile and Argentina. Ordained a priest in 1962, he subsequently earned a degree in social ministry. He subsequently served as superior of the Redemptorist community in Vallegrande and vicar forane of the archdiocese of Santa Cruz de la Sierra. In 1978, he was appointed auxiliary bishop of La Paz. Four years later, he was transferred to the diocese of Oruro as its bishop. Terrazas Sandoval was promoted to the metropolitan see of Santa Cruz de la Sierra in 1991. He was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2001.

Tettamanzi, Dionigio (born March 14, 1934), cardinal priest of Santi Ambrogio e Carlo, Archbishop of Milan. Born in Renate, near Milan, Tettamanzi studied at the minor seminary of Seveso and the major seminary of Venegono Inferiore, before he was ordained a priest in 1957. He subsequently earned a doctorate in theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University. Returning to the archdiocese of Milan in 1960, he embarked on an academic career, teaching at the seminaries of Masnago, Seveso San Pietro, and Venegono, as well as the Lombard Pastoral Institute, and publishing some two dozen works. He was called to the Vatican to participate in the Synods of Bishops of 1980 and 1987 as a theological expert and was appointed rector of the Pontifical Lombard Seminary in Rome in 1987. He was appointed archbishop of Ancona-Osimo in 1989, but resigned two years later to become secretary-general of the Italian Episcopal Conference. In 1995, he was appointed archbishop of Genoa and elected vice-president of the Italian Episcopal Conference. Created a cardinal in 1998 by Pope John Paul II, he was transferred to Milan as archbishop in 2002.

Toppo, Telesphore Placidus (born October 15, 1939), cardinal priest of Sacro Cuore di Gesù agonizzante a Vitinia, Archbishop of Ranchi. Born in Chainpur, India, the eighth of ten children, Toppo earned an honors degree in English from St. Xavier College in Ranchi, India, and a master's degree in history from the University of Ranchi before going on to receive a licentiate in theology from the Pontifical Urbanian University. Ordained a priest in 1969, he worked as a teacher and headmaster at St. Joseph's High School in Torpa before becoming rector of the minor seminary of Ranchi in 1976. Appointed bishop of Dumka in 1978, he was promoted to coadjutor archbishop of Ranchi in 1984. He succeeded to the metropolitan see the following year. Toppo was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2003. On March 12, 2005, John Paul appointed Toppo one of the three president-delegates (along with Cardinals Francis Arinze and Juan Sandoval Íñiguez) of the 11th ordinary general assembly of the Synod of Bishops scheduled for October 2005.

Tumi, Christian Wiyghan (born October 15, 1930), cardinal priest of Santi Martiri dell'Uganda a Poggio Armeno, Archbishop of Douala. Born in Kikaikelaki, Cameroon, in 1930, Tumi studied at the seminaries of Ibadan, Bodija and Enugu in Nigeria. Ordained a priest in 1966, he subsequently earned a licentiate in theology from the Theological Faculty of Lyon, France, and a doctorate in philosophy from the University of Fribourg, Switzerland. In 1973, after having his studies abroad, he returned to Cameroon where he was named rector of the major regional seminary of Bambui in the archdiocese of Bamenda. Appointed the first bishop of Yagoua in 1979, he was promoted to coadjutor archbishop of Garoua in 1982, succeeding to the latter see in 1984. Created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1988, he was transferred to the metropolitan see of Douala in 1991. He served as a president-delegate of the Special Assembly of the Synod of Bishops for Africa in 1994.

Turcotte, Jean-Claude (born June 26, 1936), cardinal priest of Nostra Signora del Santissimo Sacramento e Santi Martiri Canadesi, Archbishop of Montréal. A native of Montréal, Turcotte studied the seminary of that city and was ordained a priest in 1959. After five years working in parochial and youth ministry, he was sent to Lille, France, where he earned a degree in social ministry from the Catholic University. Returning to Montréal, he held various posts in the archdiocese, becoming vicar general in 1981. Appointed auxiliary bishop of Montréal the following year, he was promoted to the archbishopric of the same see in 1990. Turcotte was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1994.

Turkson, Peter Kodwo Appiah (born October 11, 1948), cardinal priest of San Liborio, Archbishop of Cape Coast. Born in Wassaw Nsuta, Ghana, Turkson studied at local seminaries in Ghana as well as St. Anthony-on-Hudson Seminary in Rensselaer, New York. Ordained a priest in 1975 for the diocese of Cape Coast, Ghana, he went on to earn a licentiate in biblical studies from the Pontifical Biblical Institute in Rome. He served as professor at St. Theresa's Minor Seminary and St. Peter's Major Seminary in Ghana from 1975 to 1976 and again from 1980 to 1987. Sent to Rome to finish his doctorate in biblical studies at the Biblical Institute, he was wrapping up his degree when he was appointed archbishop of Cape Coast in 1992"his ordination to the episcopate was delayed until the following year to permit him to finish his academic responsibilities. Turkson was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2003.

Vidal, Ricardo Jamin (born February 6, 1931), cardinal priest of Santi Pietro e Paolo a Via Ostiense, Archbishop of Cebu. Born in Mogpoc, Philippines, Vidal was ordained a priest for the diocese of Lucena in 1956 after studies at the Seminary of San Carlo in Manila. He served successively as a professor, spiritual director, and rector of the seminary in Lucena. Appointed coadjutor bishop of Malolos in 1971, he was promoted to the metropolitan see of Lipa in 1973. In 1981, he was appointed coadjutor archbishop of Cebu, succeeding to that see the following year. Vidal was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1985.

Vithayathil, Varkey (born May 29, 1927), cardinal priest of San Bernardo alle Terme, Major Archbishop of Enakulam-Angamaly of the Syro-Malabarese. Born in Parur in Kerala, India, into a family belonging to the Syro-Malabarese Church, Vithayathil joined the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer (the Redemptorists) and studied at that religious community's seminaries in India. Ordained a priest in 1954, he subsequently earned a doctorate in canon law from the Pontifical Athenaeum of St. Thomas Aquinas in Rome for a dissertation on the origins and development of the Syro-Malabarese hierarchy. For twenty-five years he taught canon law at the Redemptorist major seminary in Bangalore, India. He also served as his congregation's provincial for India and Sri Lanka (1978-84), president of the Conference of Religious of India (1984-85), and apostolic administrator of the Asirvanam Benedictine Monastery in Bangalore (1990-96). In 1996, he was raised to the archiepiscopate and appointed apostolic administrator of the vacant see of Enakulum-Angamaly of the Syro-Malabarese. He was appointed major archbishop of Enakulum-Angamaly of the Syro-Malabarese in 1999 and created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2001.

Vlk, Miloslav (born May 17, 1932), cardinal priest of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, Archbishop of Prague. Born in Li"nice-Sepekov, southern Bohemia, in 1932, Vlk wanted to be a priest, but ecclesiastical studies were not possible under the harsh conditions of Communist rule during the 1950s. After finishing his secondary education in 1952, he worked in an automotive factory in Ceské Budejovice for a year before discharging his military obligations from 1953 to 1955. After being discharged from the army, Vlk studied archival science at the Charles University in Prague, receiving his degree in 1960. He worked in various archives in Southern Bohemia from 1960 to 1964, including the Regional Archives of Trebon in Jindrichüv Hradec and the Civic and District Archives of Ceské Budejovice, where he served as director. In 1964, Vlk left his job in order to study at the Theology Faculty of Sts. Cyril and Methodius in Litomerice. During the "Prague Spring" of 1968, he was ordained a priest at the age of 36 and appointed secretary to Bishop Josef Hlouch of Ceské Budejovice. State authorities, worried about his influence and pastoral activity, forced him in 1971 to leave Ceské Budejovice and sent him to remote mountain parishes. In 1978, the regime revoked his permit to exercise pastoral ministry. From 1978 until 1989, Vlk worked a window cleaner and then as a bank clerk in Prague, carrying out his priestly ministry in secret. Resuming a public ministry in 1989, he was appointed bishop of Ceské Budejovice the following year. In 1991, he was promoted to the metropolitan see of Prague. From 1993 until 2001, he was president of the Council of the European Episcopal Conferences. Vlk was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1994.

Wamala, Emmanuel (born December 15, 1926), cardinal priest of Sant'Ugo, Archbishop of Kampala. Wamala was born in Kamaggwa, Uganda, into a devout Catholic family, three of whose eight surviving children entered the service of the Church: two priests and one religious. After studies in local seminaries, he was sent to Rome where he eventually earned a licentiate in theology from the Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum of the Propaganda Fide and a licentiate in social sciences from the Pontifical Gregorian University. Ordained a priest in 1957, he continued his studies in Rome before returning to Uganda in 1960. Between 1960 and 1974, he held a variety of pastoral assignments in the diocese of Masaka as well as a chaplaincy at the Makerere University in Kampala. He served as vicar general of Masaka from 1974 until 1981, when he was appointed bishop of Kiyindi-Mityana. In 1988, he was promoted to coadjutor archbishop of Kampala, succeeding to that metropolitan see in 1990. He was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1994.

Wetter, Friedrich (born February 20, 1928), cardinal priest of Santo Stefano al Monte Celio, Archbishop of Munich and Freising. Born in Landau, Germany, Wetter studied at the Faculty of St. George in Frankfurt and the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome, where he earned a doctorate in theology for his dissertation on life after death. Ordained a priest in 1953, he received his habilitation from the theological faculty at Munich for a dissertation on the Trinity in Duns Scotus. From 1962 to 1967, he was professor of theology at the Philosophy and Theological Institute (later the University) of Eichstätt. In 1967, he was called to the chair of dogmatic theology at the University of Mainz. Appointed bishop of his native diocese of Speyer in 1968, he was promoted to the metropolitan see of Munich and Freising in succession to that other academic-turned-prelate, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, in 1982. Wetter was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1985.

Williams, Thomas Stafford (born March 20, 1930), cardinal priest of Gesù Divin Maestro alla Pineta Sacchetti, Archbishop of Wellington. Born in Wellington, New Zealand, Williams received a bachelor's degree from Victoria University in the same city and worked for several years as an accountant. After studies at Holy Cross College, Dunedin, and the Pontifical Urbanian Athenaeum of the Propaganda Fide, where he earned a licentiate in theology, he was ordained a priest in 1959. He went on to earn a degree in social sciences from University College, Dublin, before returning to New Zealand where he held various pastoral responsibilities. Appointed archbishop of Wellington in 1979, he was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 1983. In 1995, he added the military ordinariate of New Zealand to his responsibilities. He retired from the pastoral governance of his archdiocese on March 21, 2005, one day after this seventy-fifth birthday.

Zubeir Wako, Gabriel (born February 27, 1941), cardinal priest of Sant'Atanasio a Via Tiburtina, Archbishop of Khartoum. Born in Mboro, in the remote southwest of Sudan, Zubeir Wako studied at St. Paul's National Major Seminary and was ordained a priest in 1963. After several years in parochial ministry, he was sent to Rome for advanced studies, earning a licentiate in pastoral theology from the Pontifical Lateran University in 1971. Appointed bishop of Wau, his home diocese, in 1974, he was promoted to archbishop coadjutor of Khartoum in 1979. Zubeir Wako succeeded to the metropolitan see in 1981. Since then, he has occupied that not-always-easy position amid the crises that have wracked Sudan in the recent decades. Zubeir Wako was created a cardinal by Pope John Paul II in 2003.

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